INTRODUCTION
Rectal cancer is an increasing disease in South Korea and shows a local recurrence rate of 15-40% when only surgical treatment is executed [1]. In addition, the local recurrence rate of locally advanced rectal cancer is reported to be 4-27% after radical surgery accompanied by preoperative radiotherapy [2, 3]. This greatly affects the patients' survival rate, and research to reduce the local recurrence and distant metastases is being done. Especially, preoperative chemoradiotherapy is known to reduce the local recurrence, reduce the tumor size [4], stabilize the tumor margin to increase resectability, increase the anal sphincter conservation rate [5], and reduce tumor metastasis by eliminating local lymph nodes and blocking metastasis routes [6]. The tumor regression grade (TRG) was first introduced by Mandard et al. [7] through a patient with esophageal cancer. The TRG can categorize cancer cell ratio from tissue with fibrosis or inflammation in numerous stages throughout chemoradiotherapy. In addition, Suarez et al. [8] reported that the TRG might be a superior prognostic factor in predicting the survival rather than TN downstaging after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Berger et al. [9] reported a better disease-free survival rate in a pathologic complete remission (pCR) group. Habr-Gama et al. [10] reported similar treatment results from a clinically CR group with surgical excision and a clinically CR group with only catamnesis observation.
This study measured the TRG for rectal cancer patients who underwent surgery after chemoradiotherapy. The study is intended to guide a future treatment plan for rectal cancer patients by analyzing clinicopathological factors, overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate.
METHODS
Object of study
From September 2004 to December 2008, among 142 patients who had chemoradiotherapy before surgery at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, the 108 patients with the exception of patients who did not finish chemoradiotherapy, failed to execute radical excision, failed to measure TRG, had metastasis at diagnosis, or failed to have follow-up observation over 1 year were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy was executed in patients with rectal cancer located within 10 cm of the anal verge, and no distant metastasis tumor located near the anal verge in spite of the low stage of the disease.
Methods
Radiation therapy was executed either as 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional conformal therapy by using high-energy X-rays (6 MV or 10 MV). The daily radiation dose was 180 cGy, 5 times a week, for 5 weeks, for a total of 4,500 cGy, with conventional fractionation encompassing the rectum and intrapelvic lymph node. A dose of 540 cGy was added on the primary area and the high risk area after reducing the boost field, projecting a total of 5,040 cGy. Chemotherapy was executed by continuously injecting 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (500 mg/m2/day) and leucovorin (20 mg/m2) during the first and last week of radiotherapy. One round of chemotherapy was done in five days and two rounds were done in total [11].
Diagnosis, postoperative follow-up test, and pathogenesis
As basic tests before treatment, digital rectal examination, a blood test, a serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), simple chest X-ray, abdominopelvic CT, pelvic MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), colonoscopy, and biopsy were executed. Tumor shapes were categorized as 'fungating' or 'ulcerative' based on the findings of colonoscopy. Patients with polypoid and ulcerofungating tumor were categorized as the fungating group, and patients with ulceroinfiltrative tumor were categorized as the ulcerative group. Histological categorization was done based on results of colonoscopic biopsy and was recorded as well differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated. Mucinous differentiation was considered as poorly differentiated. Also, perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion were measured based on the postoperative pathologic findings.
Follow-up examination after surgery was done every 3 months in the first 2 years and every 6 months after that. Categories of examinations were digital rectal examination, laboratory test, serum CEA, chest X-ray and abdominopelvic CT. Chest CT, pelvic MRI, and PET scans were executed based on need. Pathologic stage was done by following the categorization of the 2002 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC), 6th edition.
Surgical treatment
Surgery was executed 6-8 weeks after chemoradiotherapy had been completed. High ligation and total mesorectal excision (TME) were set as bases in all patients. Great caution was taken during high ligation in order to prevent damaging to the initial segment of the intra-pelvic sympathetic nervous system. A double ligation was executed on the proximal side of the inferior mesenteric artery. Following the visceral layer of the mesorectal fascia and the avascular layer between parietal layers, Waldeyer's fascia was the rear boundary, and Denonvilliers' fascia and peritoneal reflexion were the front boundary where dissection was executed. Dissection was done until the front and the lateral surfaces cross the rear surface. The pelvic nerve was conserved on both lateral surfaces.
Tumor regression grade
Downstaging was done by comparing pathologic stage after surgery with clinical stage before chemoradiotherapy. The pathologic treatment response was determined by two pathologists re-analyzing pathology slides. The 5-stage system suggested by Dworak et al. [12] was used, and categorization was based on the degree of fibrosis, necrosis, and change in blood vessels (Table 1, Fig. 1) [13]. Pathologic complete remission (pCR) was defined as pT0N0, for which the primary site of resected specimen and lymph node did not show tumor cells.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS ver. 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Frequency difference in each group was checked with a Turkey Post-Hoc test after a one-way layout analysis and a Pearson χ2 test. The survival rates were compared with the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. When the P-value was less than 0.05, the result was considered to have statistical significance.
RESULTS
Patient characteristics
The subject group had a total of 108 people: 85 male (79%) and 23 female (21%). The average age was 59.7 ± 11.8 (31-80). Ninety-six patients (89%) had lower rectal cancer (within 5 cm from the anal verge) and 12 patients (11%) had mid-rectal cancer (within 10 cm from the anal verge). The histological categorizations were 43 well differentiated (40%), 57 moderately differentiated (53%), and 5 poorly differentiated (5%), and 86 patients (80%) had a fungating tumor. Clinical stage before concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) was 8 stage I (7%), 33 stage II (31%), and 67 stage III (62%).
Surgical treatment and complications
Among the 108 patients who had surgery after CCRT execution, 84 (78%) had laparoscopic surgery, and types of surgery are shown in Table 2. One patient who underwent a subtotal colectomy also had a tumor in the rectum and descending colon. As a result, the ascending colon was conserved, and the patient underwent a subtotal colectomy.
As postoperative complications, there were 4 patients with anastomosis leakage (4%) and 5 patients with intra-pelvic abscess (5%). Patients with anastomosis leakage were treated with an ileostomy or T-loop colostomy, and patients with an intra-pelvic abscess were treated with antibiotics and external drainage. No patients died because of the surgical treatment.
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy treatment results
The TRG distribution was 1 TRG0 (1%), 6 TRG1 (5%), 17 TRG2 (16%), 65 TRG3 (60%) and 19 TRG4 (18%) (Table 3). Among the TRG4 patients, 3 showed N (+); one patient among the TRG 3 patients showed Tis and was diagnosed as yp0. In 64 of the 108 patients (59%), final pathologic stages were reduced through CCRT. But two patients were diagnosed as stage IV. One patient had liver metastasis based on abdominal CT after CCRT, went through a left lateral sectionectomy, and was diagnosed as ypT2N0M1. The other patient was diagnosed as cT3N0 before surgery, but metastasis was found in a lymph node biopsy paraaorta during surgery (Table 4).
Group comparison based on TRG
Based on the TRG, age, sex, location of tumor, histological differentiation, shape of tumor and CEA before CCRT execution were analyzed, and no relationship to the TRG was found. Clinical stage before CCRT did not have a statistically significance relation to the TRG (P = 0.553). Based on the final biopsy results after surgery, the ypN stage was compared between groups. ypN (+) was reduced as TRG increased (P = 0.003). Also, perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion decreased as TRG increased (P = 0.008, P = 0.032) (Table 5).
The average postsurgical follow-up observation period was 27 months. Local recurrence occurred in 16 patients (15%): 3 patients (43%) had TRG0 & 1, 4 patients (24%) had TRG2, and 9 patients (14%) had TRG3. Most recurrence were intra-pelvic recurrence, and local recurrence decreased as the TRG increased (P = 0.032). Twenty-six patients (24%) had distant metastasis, and 17 of those (65%) had lung metastasis. Lung metastasis was detected in two patients with TRG4 21months from the surgery, and 1 out of 2 was N (+) (Table 6).
Overall survivals (OS) for TRG0&1, TRG2, TRG3, and TRG4 in 3 years were 51%, 66%, 86%, and 94%, respectively. The three-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 48%, 51%, 68%, and 76%, respectively. The three-year overall survival and the three-year disease-free survival improved as the TRG increased, but this result was not statistically significant (P = 0.070, P = 0.125) (Fig. 2).
When comparing the TRG0-3 group and the TRG4 group, the three-year overall survival rates were 78% and 94%, and the three-year disease-free survival rates were 62% and 76%, respectively. The TRG4 group showed better OS and DFS rates and showed statistical significance in the three-year DFS (P = 0.034) (Fig. 3). Also, 16 patients in the pathologic complete remission (pCR) group and the non-pCR group showed three-year OS rates of 93% and 79%, and three-year DFS rates of 90% and 60%, respectively. The pCR group showed a better three-year DFS rate than the non-pCR group, and this difference showed statistical significance (P = 0.025) (Fig. 4).
DISCUSSION
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer reduces local recurrence, increases operability, and increases the anus conservation rate, ultimately increasing the survival rate. Heald et al. [14] introduced total mesorectal excision, and the local relapse rate was reduced to 7%, and the anal sphincter conservation rate was increased by more than 20% [15]. From a Swedish rectal cancer trial, the group that underwent radiotherapy after surgery had an increased five-year survival rate compared to the group that only had surgery, 58% compared to 48% [16]. In other research after that, preoperative chemoradiotherapy increased the five-year survival rate to 68-91% and reduced local recurrence rate to 4-14% [17, 18].
There are reports that results for rectal cancer patients who had chemoradiotherapy before surgery are affected by prognostic factors: tumor size before surgery, the response rate of the tumor, pathologic downstaging, surgical staging, and pathological findings. These factors are known to affect local tumor control and the survival rate [19-23]. Especially, pathological N stage is known to be the greatest factor affecting local tumor control and remote tumor control [13]. The downstaging rate caused by preoperative chemoradiotherapy is reported to be 42-84% [24, 25]. In this study, 64 patients (60%) showed downstaging and 26 patients (24%) showed N-stage reduction through CCRT.
Factors that can be used to determine the effects of preoperative chemoradiotherapy are the pathologic downstaging, the OS rate, the DFS rate, and resection margin and pathologic changing degree after CCRT. Although there are no generalized pathological standards, Dworak et al. [12] and Mandard et al. [7] categorizations are widely being used. In this research, Dworak's categorization method was used to divide the tumors into five levels according to the fibrosis rate.
Janjan et al. [20] and Willet et al. [26] reported the preoperative tumor size to be an important factor affecting the TRG. Das [27] insisted that the circumferential extent of the tumor, the tumor's location with respect to the anal verge, and CEA results affected CCRT. In this research, however, we couldn't measure tumor size before CCRT. The location of the tumor and the CEA did not affect the TRG, but perineural invasion and lymphovascular invasion were found to be a significant factors associated with TRG (P = 0.008, P = 0.032).
Theodoropoulos [17] insisted that T stage reduction and complete remission reduced relapse and increased the DFS. Garcia-Aguilar et al. [18] also said that complete remission reduced local relapse and increased the survival rate. From this research, as the TRG increased after CCRT, the OS and the DFS rates increased, and the local recurrence rate decreased (P = 0.032). As a result, the TRG is thought to have a local tumor suppression effect. Among the 89 patients in the TRG0-3 group, 66 patients' (74%) tumor samples were examined on circumferential resection margins (CRMs), and three patients of them had CRMs of less than 1 mm. In rectal cancer, the CRM is known to be an important prognostic factor twhat affects local relapse and the survival rate [28-30]. However, local relapse was not found during follow-up observation in patients with a CRM less than 1 mm. The CRM was measured by reanalyzing the slides, but we could not do this for every subject patients. More TRG, CRM, local recurrence, and survival research must be done in the future.
Habr-Gama et al. [10] insisted that rectal cancer in stage 0 showed good OS and DFS rates and stage 0 with surgically treated group had more complications than observation only group. He insisted on follow-up observation in the clinically complete remission group. In this research, TRG4 and pCR patients showed better OS and DFS rates. The three-year OS rates of the TRG4 and the pCR groups were 76% and 90%, respectively. The reason of survival difference between the two groups is that three patients from the TRG4 group were N (+), and one of them had lung metastasis.
Rodel et al. [13] reported that TRG could be a very important prognostic factor for rectal cancer. Suarez et al. [8] reported that the group with higher TRG showed a better DFS rate and that the TRG was a more significant prognostic factor than pathologic downstaging. However, the TRG cannot be considered as the only prognostic factor that affects rectal cancer patient's survival rate after chemoradiotherapy; yT and yN are also thought to be crucial prognostic factors [31].
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer reduces the local recurrence rate and increases the long-term survival rate by lowering pathologic tumor stage. The TRG, which shows the effect of chemoradiotherapy, is thought to be an additional prognostic factor that, along with TNM stage, affects the survival rate and the recurrence rate. Finally, standardization of the TRG system and more research on the factors that affect the TRG need to be done.
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