2. Heald RJ, Moran BJ, Ryall RD, Sexton R, MacFarlane JK. Rectal cancer: the Basingstoke experience of total mesorectal excision, 1978-1997. Arch Surg 1998;133:894–899. PMID:
9711965.
3. Abulafi AM, Williams NS. Local recurrence of colorectal cancer: the problem, mechanisms, management and adjuvant therapy. Br J Surg 1994;81:7–19. PMID:
8313126.
4. Heriot AG, Kumar D. Rectal cancer recurrence : factors and mechanisms. Colorectal Dis 2000;2:126–136.
5. Bakx R, Visser O, Josso J, Meijer S, Slors JF, van Lanschot JJ. Management of recurrent rectal cancer: a population based study in greater Amsterdam. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:6018–6023. PMID:
18932280.
6. Sebag-Montefiore D, Stephens RJ, Steele R, Monson J, Grieve R, Khanna S, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet 2009;373:811–820. PMID:
19269519.
7. Ogunbiyi OA, McKenna K, Birnbaum EH, Fleshman JW, Kodner IJ. Aggressive surgical management of recurrent rectal cancer--is it worthwhile? Dis Colon Rectum 1997;40:150–155. PMID:
9075748.
8. Heriot AG, Byrne CM, Lee P, Dobbs B, Tilney H, Solomon MJ, et al. Extended radical resection: the choice for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:284–291. PMID:
18204879.
9. Palmer G, Martling A, Cedermark B, Holm T. A population-based study on the management and outcome in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:447–454. PMID:
17139457.
10. Gunderson LL, Sosin H. Areas of failure found at reoperation (second or symptomatic look) following "curative surgery" for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. Clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy. Cancer 1974;34:1278–1292. PMID:
4424091.
11. Wanebo HJ, Koness RJ, Vezeridis MP, Cohen SI, Wrobleski DE. Pelvic resection of recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg 1994;220:586–595. PMID:
7524455.
12. Wong CS, Cummings BJ, Brierley JD, Catton CN, McLean M, Catton P, et al. Treatment of locally recurrent rectal carcinoma: results and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;40:427–435. PMID:
9457832.
13. Ito Y, Ohtsu A, Ishikura S, Boku N, Nihei K, Ogino T, et al. Efficacy of chemoradiotherapy on pain relief in patients with intrapelvic recurrence of rectal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2003;33:180–185. PMID:
12810832.
14. Rao AR, Kagan AR, Chan PM, Gilbert HA, Nussbaum H, Hintz BL. Patterns of recurrence following curative resection alone for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon. Cancer 1981;48:1492–1495. PMID:
7272970.
15. Pilipshen SJ, Heilweil M, Quan SH, Sternberg SS, Enker WE. Patterns of pelvic recurrence following definitive resections of rectal cancer. Cancer 1984;53:1354–1362. PMID:
6692324.
16. McDermott FT, Hughes ES, Pihl E, Johnson WR, Price AB. Local recurrence after potentially curative resection for rectal cancer in a series of 1008 patients. Br J Surg 1985;72:34–37. PMID:
3967128.
17. Nguyen DQ, McGregor AD, Freites O, Carr ND, Beynon J, El-Sharkawi AM, et al. Exenterative pelvic surgery: eleven year experience of the Swansea Pelvic Oncology Group. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005;31:1180–1184. PMID:
16126362.
18. Hahnloser D, Nelson H, Gunderson LL, Hassan I, Haddock MG, O'Connell MJ, et al. Curative potential of multimodality therapy for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Ann Surg 2003;237:502–508. PMID:
12677146.
19. Boyle KM, Sagar PM, Chalmers AG, Sebag-Montefiore D, Cairns A, Eardley I. Surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:929–937. PMID:
15785880.
20. Suzuki K, Dozois RR, Devine RM, Nelson H, Weaver AL, Gunderson LL, et al. Curative reoperations for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:730–736. PMID:
8674362.
21. Moore HG, Shoup M, Riedel E, Minsky BD, Alektiar KM, Ercolani M, et al. Colorectal cancer pelvic recurrences: determinants of resectability. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:1599–1606. PMID:
15540287.
22. Wanebo HJ, Antoniuk P, Koness RJ, Levy A, Vezeridis M, Cohen SI, et al. Pelvic resection of recurrent rectal cancer: technical considerations and outcomes. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:1438–1448. PMID:
10566532.
23. Suzuki K, Gunderson LL, Devine RM, Weaver AL, Dozois RR, Ilstrup DM, et al. Intraoperative irradiation after palliative surgery for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Cancer 1995;75:939–952. PMID:
7531113.
24. Yamada K, Ishizawa T, Niwa K, Chuman Y, Akiba S, Aikou T. Patterns of pelvic invasion are prognostic in the treatment of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2001;88:988–993. PMID:
11442533.
25. Guillem J, Ruo L. Strategies in operative therapy for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 1998;9:259–268.
26. Pawlik TM, Skibber JM, Rodriguez-Bigas MA. Pelvic exenteration for advanced pelvic malignancies. Ann Surg Oncol 2006;13:612–623. PMID:
16538402.
27. Mirnezami AH, Sagar PM, Kavanagh D, Witherspoon P, Lee P, Winter D. Clinical algorithms for the surgical management of locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2010;53:1248–1257. PMID:
20706067.
28. Moriya Y, Akasu T, Fujita S, Yamamoto S. Total pelvic exenteration with distal sacrectomy for fixed recurrent rectal cancer inthe pelvis. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:2047–2053. PMID:
15657653.
29. Austin KK, Solomon MJ. Pelvic exenteration with en bloc iliac vessel resection for lateral pelvic wall involvement. Dis Colon Rectum 2009;52:1223–1233. PMID:
19571697.
30. Dozois EJ, Privitera A, Holubar SD, Aldrete JF, Sim FH, Rose PS, et al. High sacrectomy for locally recurrent rectal cancer: Can long-term survival be achieved? J Surg Oncol 2011;103:105–109. PMID:
21259242.
31. van der Vurst TJ, Bodegom ME, Rakic S. Tamponade of presacral hemorrhage with hemostatic sponges fixed to the sacrum with endoscopic helical tackers: report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:1550–1553. PMID:
15486757.
32. Baque P, Karimdjee B, Iannelli A, Benizri E, Rahili A, Benchimol D, et al. Anatomy of the presacral venous plexus: implications for rectal surgery. Surg Radiol Anat 2004;26:355–358. PMID:
15300413.
33. Wang QY, Shi WJ, Zhao YR, Zhou WQ, He ZR. New concepts in severe presacral hemorrhage during proctectomy. Arch Surg 1985;120:1013–1020. PMID:
3896196.
34. Bullard KM, Trudel JL, Baxter NN, Rothenberger DA. Primary perineal wound closure after preoperative radiotherapy and abdominoperineal resection has a high incidence of wound failure. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:438–443. PMID:
15719190.
35. Butler CE, Gundeslioglu AO, Rodriguez-Bigas MA. Outcomes of immediate vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction for irradiated abdominoperineal resection defects. J Am Coll Surg 2008;206:694–703. PMID:
18387476.
36. Sahakitrungruang C, Atittharnsakul P. Sigmoid flap: a novel technique for perineal and neovaginal reconstruction after abdominoperineal resection with near total vaginectomy for locally advanced rectal cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2010;210:e5–e8. PMID:
20113930.