Annals of Coloproctology

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Original Articles

Inflammatory/benign bowel disease

Long-term risk factors of stoma construction after loose seton placement for Crohn disease–associated perianal fistulas: Eiichi Nakao, Kenji Tatsumi, Nao Obara, Koki Goto, Hirosuke Kuroki, Akira Sugita, Kazutaka Koganei; Ann Coloproctol. 2025;41(6):565-572. Published online December 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2025.00766.0109

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Purpose
To evaluate long-term outcomes and identify prognostic factors for stoma construction following loose seton placement in patients with Crohn disease (CD)-associated perianal fistulas.
Methods
This single-center, retrospective study included 136 patients who underwent initial loose seton placement for CD-associated perianal fistulas between 1999 and 2021, with at least 3 years of follow-up. Patient demographics, anorectal findings, and perioperative pharmacotherapy were assessed. Prognosis was defined as the cumulative incidence of stoma formation. Independent risk factors were identified using multivariate logistic regression. The association between postoperative molecular-targeted therapy and stoma-free survival was further analyzed in patients with severe anal ulceration and rectal stricture (high-risk features). Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used for comparisons.
Results
During follow-up, 42 patients required stoma construction. Severe anal ulceration (odds ratio [OR], 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–5.38; P=0.039), rectal stricture (OR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.09–7.37; P=0.032), and absence of postoperative molecular-targeted therapy (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15–0.84; P=0.018) were independent risk factors. In patients with severe anal ulceration, the cumulative stoma construction rate was significantly lower with postoperative molecular-targeted therapy (P=0.018). No significant difference was observed in patients with rectal strictures (P=0.058).
Conclusion
Severe anal ulceration, rectal stricture, and absence of postoperative molecular-targeted therapy were independently associated with stoma construction. Postoperative molecular-targeted therapy improved stoma-free survival in patients with severe anal ulceration. Individualized treatment strategies, including early pharmacological intervention, may improve long-term outcomes and preserve anorectal function. Tailoring treatment according to lesion characteristics may reduce stoma formation and enhance quality of life in CD-associated perianal disease.

Anorectal benign disease

Validation of a novel imaging-guided and anatomy-based classification system for anorectal fistulas: a retrospective clinical evaluation study: Antonio Brillantino, Francesca Iacobellis, Luigi Marano, Adolfo Renzi, Pasquale Talento, Luigi Brusciano, Claudio Gambardella, Umberto Favetta, Michele Schiano Di Visconte, Luigi Monaco, Maurizio Grillo, Mauro Natale Maglio, Fabrizio Foroni, Alessio Palumbo, Maria Laura Sandoval Sotelo, Luciano Vicenzo, Elisa Palladino, Giovanna Frezza, Maria Paola Menna, Paolino Mauro, Stefano Picardi, Mario Massimo Mensorio, Vinicio Mosca, Vincenzo Bottino, Giovanna Ioia, Corrado Rispoli, Marco Di Serafino, Martina Caruso, Roberto Ronza, Barbara Frittoli, Daria Schettini, Luca Stoppino, Franco Iafrate, Giulio Lombardi, Carmine Antropoli, Salvatore Cappabianca, Ludovico Docimo, Roberto Grassi, Alfonso Reginelli; Ann Coloproctol. 2025;41(3):207-220. Published online June 16, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2024.00675.0096

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of a new imaging-guided, anatomy-based classification of anorectal fistulas in defining disease severity and predicting surgical outcomes.
Methods
This multicenter, retrospective cohort study analyzed data from patients with perianal fistulas who underwent surgery between 2017 and 2023. All patients underwent preoperative 3-dimensional endoanal ultrasound, with adjunctive magnetic resonance imaging performed if ultrasound indicated a complex fistula. Imaging examinations were retrospectively evaluated to categorize fistulas according to the Garg classification and the newly proposed classification system. The new classification included 6 severity grades based on the characteristics of the primary tract: submucosal, intersphincteric, low transsphincteric, high transsphincteric, multiple, and suprasphincteric/extrasphincteric. Each grade was further subdivided into 3 subtypes (A, B, C) based on the extension of secondary tracts.
Results
When compared with the new classification, the Garg classification demonstrated a slightly lower ability to predict the feasibility of fistulotomy in simple fistulas (94.2% vs 99.1%; Fisher exact test, P=0.006). A strong positive correlation was found between the surgery failure rate and the severity grade of the new classification (Spearman rho, 0.90; P<0.001), whereas the Garg classification showed a nonsignificant positive correlation with surgical failure rate (Spearman rho, 0.90; P=0.08).
Conclusion
The new imaging-guided, anatomy-based classification of anorectal fistulas demonstrates high accuracy in defining disease severity. It represents a valuable tool for preoperative grading of anal fistulas, standardizing the reporting of diagnostic imaging, and improving the communication of findings among healthcare professionals.

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Comparison of the proposed new classification of anal fistulas with the Garg classification
Pankaj Garg, Nicola Clemente, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Sattyadeep Garg
Annals of Coloproctology.2026; 42(1): 145. CrossRef
Histological architecture of the intersphincteric region of the anal canal: implications for the anatomical basis of anal fistula pathways
Satoru Muro, Yasuo Nakajima, Akimoto Nimura, Keiichi Akita
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Anorectal benign disease

Antibiotic use during the first episode of acute perianal sepsis: a still-open question: Stanislas Blondin, David Lobo, Axel Egal, Saliha Ysmail-Dahlouk, Milad Taouk, Josée Bourguignon, David Blondeel, Isabelle Etienney; Ann Coloproctol. 2025;41(1):40-46. Published online February 3, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2024.00472.0067

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
The role of antibiotics in preventing fistula formation following an initial abscess remains a subject of debate. This study compared the incidence of fistula in ano in patients experiencing their first episode of acute perianal sepsis, with and without antibiotic therapy, and evaluated the prevalence of fistula in ano necessitating surgical intervention at 1 year.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital with a dedicated proctology department. All patients who presented to the emergency proctology unit with a first episode of acute perianal sepsis were eligible for inclusion.
Results
This study included 276 patients. At 1 year, fistula formation was identified in 65.6% of all patients, 54.0% of those who had received antibiotics, and 75.0% of those who had not (P<0.001). This finding remained significant after weighted propensity analysis (odds ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.31–0.92; P=0.025).
Conclusion
The rate of fistula formation was relatively high in this study. However, it was lower among patients with perianal sepsis who were treated with antibiotics, although a causal relationship could not be established. Prolonged follow-up is needed to clarify the role of antibiotic therapy in preventing or delaying fistula development in patients with acute perianal sepsis.

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Associations between adjuvant antibiotic therapy and fistula formation after incision and drainage of anorectal abscesses: results from a retrospective cohort study
J. Alabbad, S. Almutairi, N. Alsabagha, H. Alhamly, F. Alnaqi
Techniques in Coloproctology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Patterns and Treatment Outcomes of Selected Benign Anorectal Conditions in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Vijayapura, India: A Retrospective Observational Study
Nishikant N Gujar, Mohammed Sohail Malkhed, Krishna Vemuri
Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Anorectal benign disease

Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) for high transsphincteric fistulas: a double-center retrospective study with long-term follow-up: Leichang Zhang, Chuanyu Zhan, Lu Li, Wanjin Shao, Guidong Sun, Yugen Chen, Guanghua Chen, Yulei Lang, Zenghua Xiao, Xiao Xiao; Ann Coloproctol. 2025;41(1):77-83. Published online January 17, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2024.00024.0003

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) procedure in treating high transsphincteric fistulas.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the success rate of LIFT treatment in 82 patients with high transsphincteric fistulas involving at least one-third of the external sphincter. This study was carried out across 2 centers from November 2009 to February 2023.
Results
All patients underwent successful surgery with a median operative time of 48.9 minutes (range, 20–80 minutes), and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported. The median follow-up duration was 85.5 months (range, 4–120 months), with 5 patients (6.1%) lost to follow-up. Treatment was successful in 62 patients, whose symptoms disappeared and both the external opening and the intersphincteric incision completely healed, yielding an overall efficiency rate of 80.5%. There were 15 cases (19.5%) of treatment failure, including 6 (7.8%) that converted to intersphincteric anal fistula and 9 (11.7%) that experienced persistent or recurrent fistulas. Only 1 patient reported minor overflow during the postoperative follow-up, but no other patients reported any significant discomfort. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with surgical success and those with treatment failure in terms of fistula length, history of previous abscess or anal fistula surgery, number of external orifices or fistulas, and location of fistulas (all P>0.05).
Conclusion
LIFT is a safe and effective sphincter-preserving procedure that yields satisfactory healing outcomes and has minimal impact on anal function.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract vs conventional surgery for anal fistula in Chinese patients
Xue Li, Cong-Cong Zhi, Xiao-Long Wang, Li-Hua Zheng, Yi-Cheng Cheng
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Displaced lateral rectal flap for anal fistulas
Timur V. Nikishin, Ivan V. Kostarev, Alexander Yu. Titov, Maria A. Ignatenko, Evgeny E. Zharkov, Ikromzhon I. Dadashev, Oleg M. Biryukov, Anastasia E. Pershina, Andrey А. Mudrov
Koloproktologia.2026; 25(1): 71. CrossRef
A Comparative Study of Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract versus Fistulotomy in Patients of Trans-sphincteric and Suprasphincteric Perianal Fistula
Charu Kant Singh, Arshad Ahmad, Abhinav Arun Sonkar
Indian Journal of Colo-Rectal Surgery.2025; 8(3): 91. CrossRef

Technical Note

Anorectal benign disease

Botulinum injection technique to reduce spasms in refractory anal fissures and after anal fistula or hemorrhoid surgery: Pankaj Garg, Vipul D. Yagnik, Kaushik Bhattacharya; Ann Coloproctol. 2024;40(6):610-612. Published online December 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2023.00696.0099

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PDF Supplementary Material

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESULTS OF TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC ANAL FISSURES
L. Hrytsak, A. Aksan, L. Bilansky
Neonatology, Surgery and Perinatal Medicine.2026; 16(1(59)): 121. CrossRef
Ischemic component in the pathogenesis of chronic anal fissure: microcirculatory remodeling and fibrosis
L. Hrytsak, M. Aksan, L. Bilyansky
Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University.2026; 30(1): 62. CrossRef
Current Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissures in Adults: Recommendations and Actual Surgical Practice
L. I. Hrytsak, L. S. Bilanskyi, M. V. Aksan
The Ukrainian Journal of Clinical Surgery.2026; 93(2): 78. CrossRef

Review

Anorectal benign disease

Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of complex anal fistula: Pankaj Garg, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Vipul D. Yagnik, G. Mahak; Ann Coloproctol. 2024;40(4):321-335. Published online August 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2024.00325.0046

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19 Citations

Abstract PDF

Anal fistula can be a challenging condition to manage, with complex fistulas presenting even greater difficulties. The primary concerns in treating this condition are a risk of damage to the anal sphincters, which can compromise fecal continence, and refractoriness to treatment, as evidenced by a high recurrence rate. Furthermore, the treatment of complex anal fistula involves several additional challenges. Satisfactory solutions to many of these obstacles remain elusive, and no consensus has been established regarding the available treatment options. In summary, complex anal fistula has no established gold-standard treatment, and the quest for effective therapies continues. This review discusses and highlights groundbreaking advances in the management of complex anal fistula over the past decade.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Long-term outcomes of video-assisted anal fistula treatment
Sirindhra Suepiantham, Giovanni Santoro, Michael Chadwick, Ramya Kalaiselvan, Ajai Samad, Rajasundaram Rajaganeshan
Surgical Endoscopy.2026; 40(4): 3368. CrossRef
Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract vs conventional surgery for anal fistula in Chinese patients
Xue Li, Cong-Cong Zhi, Xiao-Long Wang, Li-Hua Zheng, Yi-Cheng Cheng
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of the proposed new classification of anal fistulas with the Garg classification
Pankaj Garg, Nicola Clemente, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Sattyadeep Garg
Annals of Coloproctology.2026; 42(1): 145. CrossRef
Clinical Patterns and Treatment Outcomes of Selected Benign Anorectal Conditions in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Vijayapura, India: A Retrospective Observational Study
Nishikant N Gujar, Mohammed Sohail Malkhed, Krishna Vemuri
Cureus.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A randomized controlled study on the efficacy and function of internal sphincter lowering combined with external sphincter denudation and virtual hanging drainage in the treatment of complex anal fistula
Ling Wang, Xindan Zhang, Fuheng Liu, Ji Jin, Xiu Wang, Gang Zhao
Frontiers in Surgery.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Understanding the anatomical basis of anorectal fistulas and their surgical management: exploring different types for enhanced precision and safety
Asim M. Almughamsi, Yasir Hassan Elhassan
Surgery Today.2025; 55(4): 457. CrossRef
Mucosal advancement flap versus ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract for management of trans-sphincteric perianal fistulas in the elderly: a retrospective study
Tamer A. A. M. Habeeb, Massimo Chiaretti, Igor A. Kryvoruchko, Antonio Pesce, Aristotelis Kechagias, Abd Al-Kareem Elias, Abdelmonem A. M. Adam, Mohamed A. Gadallah, Saad Mohamed Ali Ahmed, Ahmed Khyrallh, Mohammed H. Alsayed, Esmail Tharwat Kamel Awad, M
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluating the predictive superiority of Garg's classification for surgical decision-making in perianal fistula management
Naresh Lodhi, Dileep Thakur, Amrendra Verma, Uday Somashekar, Deepti Bala Sharma, Dhananjaya Sharma
Tropical Doctor.2025; 55(2): 124. CrossRef
Tuberculosis in anal fistula: incidence, clinical insights, and diagnostic challenges
Tariq Akhtar Khan, Mohammad Ali, Krishna Pada Saha, M. Nashir Uddin, M. Lutful Kabir Khan, Nunjirul Muhsenin, Nazmun Nahar, Sawantee Joarder, M. Kuddus Ali Khan
International Surgery Journal.2025; 12(5): 717. CrossRef
Validation of a novel imaging-guided and anatomy-based classification system for anorectal fistulas: a retrospective clinical evaluation study
Antonio Brillantino, Francesca Iacobellis, Luigi Marano, Adolfo Renzi, Pasquale Talento, Luigi Brusciano, Claudio Gambardella, Umberto Favetta, Michele Schiano Di Visconte, Luigi Monaco, Maurizio Grillo, Mauro Natale Maglio, Fabrizio Foroni, Alessio Palum
Annals of Coloproctology.2025; 41(3): 207. CrossRef
Application of micro-dynamic negative pressure wound therapy in treating cavity wounds after complex anal fistula surgery
Ruyun Cai, Zhonghua Hong
Asian Journal of Surgery.2025; 48(12): 7854. CrossRef
Hotspots and trends of perianal fistula of Crohn’s disease: A bibliometric analysis
Lei Liang, Lan Li, Dexin Wang, Xiubi Zhang, Xiaohe Zhang, Gang Tian, Chaochi Yue, Weiliang Du
Medicine.2025; 104(32): e43854. CrossRef
IL-6 and TNF variants as potential determinants of perianal disease in Crohn's patients: a pilot study
Jessica Cusato, Gian Paolo Caviglia, Alfredo Santovito, Gabriele Ascani, Alessandra Manca, Marta Vernero, Angelo Armandi, Eleonora Dileo, Miriam Antonucci, Maria Alessandra Pavan, Antonio D'Avolio, Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone
Cytokine.2025; 196: 157064. CrossRef
Mucosal Advancement Flap Versus Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract for Transsphincteric Fistula-in-Ano: A Comparative Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Sagar Reddy G, Ashok Reddy R
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ayurveda management of Bhagandara (~Fistula-in-ano) with coexisting Arsha (~Hemorrhoids)
Nasreen Hanifa, Hemantha Kumar Parlapothula, Rekha Chandrodaya
Journal of Ayurveda Case Reports.2025; 8(4): 247. CrossRef
Levator ani involvement in perianal fistulas: MRI-based insights into complex anatomy
Sezer Nil Yılmazer Zorlu, Diğdem Kuru Öz, Ayşe Erden
Abdominal Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
From the Editor: Uniting expertise, a new era of global collaboration in coloproctology
In Ja Park
Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(4): 285. CrossRef
Surgeon oriented reporting template for magnetic resonance imaging and endoanal ultrasound of anal fistulas enhances surgical decision-making
Si-Ze Wu
World Journal of Radiology.2024; 16(12): 712. CrossRef
Abbreviations Anonymous: A Coloproctologist’s Guide to Sanity
Kaushik Bhattacharya
Indian Journal of Colo-Rectal Surgery.2024; 7(1): 1. CrossRef

Technical Note

Transanal opening of the intersphincteric space (TROPIS): a novel procedure on the horizon to effectively manage high complex anal fistulas: Pankaj Garg, Anvesha Mongia; Ann Coloproctol. 2024;40(1):74-81. Published online October 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2022.01263.0180

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16 Citations

Abstract PDF

Anal fistulas, especially complex and high fistulas, are difficult to manage. The transanal opening of the intersphincteric space (TROPIS) procedure was first described in 2017, and a high success rate of over 90% was reported in high complex fistulas. Since then, more studies and even a meta-analysis have corroborated the high efficacy of this procedure in high fistulas. Conventionally, the main focus was to close the internal (primary) opening for the fistula to heal. However, most complex fistulas have a component of the fistula tract in the intersphincteric plane. This component is like an abscess (sepsis) in a closed space (2 muscle layers). It is a well-known fact that in the presence of sepsis, healing by secondary intention leads to better results than attempting to heal by primary intention. Therefore, TROPIS is the first procedure in which, instead of closing the internal opening, the opening is widened by laying open the fistula tract in the intersphincteric plane so that healing can occur by secondary intention. Although the drainage of high intersphincteric abscesses through the transanal route was described 5 decades ago, the routine utilization of TROPIS for the definitive management of high complex fistulas was first described in 2017. The external anal sphincter (EAS) is completely spared in TROPIS, as the fistula tract on either side of the EAS is managed separately—inner (medial) to the EAS by laying open the intersphincteric space and outer (lateral) to the EAS by curettage or excision.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Steps to Enhance the Cure Rate of the TROPIS Procedure in Complex Anal Fistulas
Pankaj Garg, Vipul Yagnik, Kaushik Bhattacharya
ANZ Journal of Surgery.2026; 96(3): 693. CrossRef
Clinical efficacy and failure-related factors of the loose-seton procedure combined with transanal opening of the intersphincteric space technique (LoSet-TROPlS) in the treatment of complex anal fistulas
Qinghan Ma, Mengqing Dong, Hongwei Hua, Zhenyi Wang, Jiong Wu, Lei Jin
Techniques in Coloproctology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Cutting of Intersphincteric Space Procedure in Anal Fistulas Is Fundamentally Similar to Transanal Opening of the Intersphincteric Space Procedure
Pankaj Garg, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Vipul D Yagnik, Garg Mahak
Journal of the American College of Surgeons.2026; 242(5): 1461. CrossRef
Perianal fistula a silent epidemic that face proctology and coloproctology in public health
Alida Vallejo-López , Josefina Ramírez-Amaya , Cesar Noboa-Terán
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología.2025; 5: 1360. CrossRef
TROPIS is effective in managing complex anal fistulas with additional supralevator rectal opening (ASRO) by Garg phenomenon
Nicola Clemente, James C.W. Khaw, Yuliya Medkova, Pankaj Garg
Cirugía Española (English Edition).2025; 103(6): 800101. CrossRef
Response to the Letter to the Editor regarding our article on efficacy one year after the TROPIS Technique for the treatment of complex anal fistula
Fernando de la Portilla de Juan, María Luisa Reyes Díaz, Fátima Hinojosa Ramirez
Cirugía Española (English Edition).2025; 103(6): 800119. CrossRef
Respuesta a la carta al editor sobre nuestro artículo «Eficacia al año de la técnica TROPIS en la fístula perianal compleja»
Fernando de la Portilla de Juan, María Luisa Reyes Díaz, Fátima Hinojosa Ramirez
Cirugía Española.2025; 103(6): 800119. CrossRef
Systematic review and meta-analysis of Transanal Opening of Intersphincteric Space (TROPIS) versus conventional treatments for anal fistula
Yang-Tao Chen, Zhao-Chu Wang, Ya-Meng Xie, Xun Wang, Xu-Xiong Wu, Yang Li, Rong Shi, Jing Wang
Surgery Open Science.2025; 27: 15. CrossRef
TROPIS is effective in managing complex anal fistulas with additional supralevator rectal opening (ASRO) by Garg phenomenon
Nicola Clemente, James C.W. Khaw, Yuliya Medkova, Pankaj Garg
Cirugía Española.2025; 103(6): 800101. CrossRef
Transanal opening of intersphincteric space (TROPIS) treatment for high complex anal fistula: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Pengfei Zhou, Jingen Lu, Yanting Sun, Jiawen Wang
International Journal of Surgery.2025; 111(10): 7301. CrossRef
The Management of the Intersphincteric Component of Anal Fistula Tract Is Pivotal in Response to “A Pilot Study of Porcine Acellular Bladder Matrix Filling in the Treatment of Anal Fistulas”
Pankaj Garg, Vipul Yagnik, Kaushik Bhattacharya
ANZ Journal of Surgery.2025; 95(12): 2626. CrossRef
Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of complex anal fistula
Pankaj Garg, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Vipul D. Yagnik, G. Mahak
Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(4): 321. CrossRef
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches in colorectal surgery
Bigyan B. Mainali, James J. Yoo, Mitchell R. Ladd
Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(4): 336. CrossRef
Achieving a high cure rate in complex anal fistulas: understanding the conceptual role of the Garg cardinal principles
Pankaj Garg, Nicola Clemente, James C. W. Khaw
Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(5): 521. CrossRef
Comparative Evaluation Between Cutting of the Intersphincteric Space vs Cutting Seton in High Anal Fistula: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Jiawei Qin, Yanlan Wu, Xueping Zheng, Kunlan Wu, Gongjian Dai, Yanyan Tan, Xu Yang, Yuqing Sun
Journal of the American College of Surgeons.2024; 239(6): 563. CrossRef
Invited Commentary: The Quest for the Panacea Treatment for Anal Fistula
Steven D Wexner
Journal of the American College of Surgeons.2024; 239(6): 573. CrossRef

Original Article

Anorectal benign disease

Cell-assisted lipotransfer in treating uncontrollable sepsis associated perianal fistula: a pilot study: In Seob Jeong, Sung Hwan Hwang, Hye Mi Yu, Hyeonseok Jeong; Ann Coloproctol. 2024;40(2):169-175. Published online February 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2022.00486.0069

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
Surgeons can treat debilitating conditions of uncontrollable complex anorectal fistulas with sepsis, even after repeated fistula surgeries, for curative intention. Adipose-derived stem cells have shown good outcomes for refractory Crohn fistula. Unfortunately, cell therapy has some limitations, including high costs. We have therefore attempted immediate cell-assisted lipotransfer (CAL) in treating refractory complex anal fistulas and observed its outcomes.
Methods
In a retrospective study, CAL, using a mixture of freshly extracted autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and fat tissues, was used to treat 22 patients of refractory complex anal fistula from March 2018 to May 2021. Preoperative and postoperative assessments were performed with direct visual inspection, digital palpation, and endoanal ultrasonography. A fistula was considered completely healed if (1) the patient had no symptoms of discharge or inflammation; (2) there were no visible secondary openings of fistula tract inside and outside of the anorectal unit and even in the perineum; and (3) there was no primary opening in the anus. The endpoint of complete remission was wound healing without signs of inflammation 3 months after CAL treatment.
Results
In a total of 22 patients who received CAL treatment, 19 patients showed complete remission, 1 patient showed partial improvement, and 2 patients showed no improvement. One of the 2 patients without improvement at primary endpoint showed complete remission 9 months after CAL. There were no significant adverse effects of the procedure.
Conclusion
We found that the immediately-collected CAL procedure for refractory complex anal fistula showed good outcomes without adverse side effects. It can be strongly recommended as an alternative surgical option for the treatment of complex anal fistula that is uncontrollable even after repeated surgical procedures. However, considering the unpredictable characteristics of SVF, long-term follow-up is necessary.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Intraoperative Autologous Adipose-Derived Therapies and PRP as Add-On in the Surgical Treatment of Cryptoglandular and Crohn’s Disease-Related Perianal Fistula—A Systematic Review
Merel M. Verweij, Mustafa Uguten, Michiel T. J. Bak, Caroline D. M. Witjes, Annemarie C. de Vries, Ilse Molendijk, Joris A. van Dongen, Oddeke van Ruler
Bioengineering.2026; 13(4): 393. CrossRef
Meeting report on the 8th Asian Science Editors’ Conference and Workshop 2024
Eun Jung Park
Science Editing.2025; 12(1): 66. CrossRef
Treatment of perianal manifestations of Crohn's disease
I. A. Nikitina, A. V. Leontyev, V. V. Sytkov, M. A. Danilov, A. I. Khavkin, E. A. Yablokova, M. A. Orlyuk
Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology.2025; (2): 187. CrossRef
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches in colorectal surgery
Bigyan B. Mainali, James J. Yoo, Mitchell R. Ladd
Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(4): 336. CrossRef

Reviews

Benign proctology,Rare disease & stoma

Perianal Actinomycosis: A Surgeon’s Perspective and Review of Literature: Alexios Dosis, Atia Khan, Henrietta Leslie, Sahar Musaad, Adrian Smith; Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(5):269-274. Published online October 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00332.0047

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Abstract PDF

Actinomycosis is a serious suppurative, bacterial infection caused by the gram-positive anaerobic Actinomyces species. Primary perianal actinomycosis is rare and challenging for the colorectal surgeon. We aimed to present our experience and compare this with available literature. All patients with isolated Actinomyces on microbiology reports, between January 2013 and February 2021, were identified and reviewed. Data collection was retrospective based on electronic patient records. The site of infection and treatment strategy were examined. Perianal cases were evaluated in depth. All publications available in the literature were interrogated. Fifty-nine cases of positive actinomycosis cultures were reviewed. Six cases of colonization were excluded. Actinomyces turicensis was the most common organism isolated. Five cases of perianal actinomycosis were identified requiring prolonged antibiotic and surgical therapy. Twenty-one studies, most case reports, published since 1951 were also reviewed. Diagnosis of perianal actinomycosis may be challenging but should be suspected particularly in recurrent cases. Prolonged bacterial cultures in anaerobic conditions are necessary to identify the bacterium. An extended course of antibiotic therapy (months) is required for eradication in certain cases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Actinomyces Species As Emerging Pathogens: An Observational Study of Clinical Infections and Microbiological Implications
Abraham A Ayantunde, Joanne Kiang, Nadeem S Raja, Javeed Ahmed, Anjali Sanghera, Saumya Venkatesha, Andrew C Ekwesianya
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Imaging of perineal suppurations: a pictorial essay
Mohamed Amine Haouari, Chloé Gallégo, Vincent de Parades, Charlotte Fite, Caroline Touloupas, Alexandre Delpla, Isabelle Bouley-Coletta, Marc Zins
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Benign GI diease, Inflammatory bowel disease,Benign diesease & IBD

Treatment Strategy for Perianal Fistulas in Crohn Disease Patients: The Surgeon’s Point of View: Jong Lyul Lee, Yong Sik Yoon, Chang Sik Yu; Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(1):5-15. Published online February 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.02.08

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Abstract PDF

Perianal fistula is a frequent complication and one of the subclassifications of Crohn disease (CD). It is the most commonly observed symptomatic condition by colorectal surgeons. Accurately classifying a perianal fistula is the initial step in its management in CD patients. Surgical management is selected based on the type of perianal fistula and the presence of rectal inflammation; it includes fistulotomy, fistulectomy, seton procedure, fistula plug insertion, video-assisted ablation of the fistulous tract, stem cell therapy, and proctectomy with stoma creation. Perianal fistulas are also managed medically, such as antibiotics, immunomodulators, and biologics including anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents. The current standard treatment of choice for perianal fistula in CD patients is the multidisciplinary approach combining surgical and medical management; however, the rate of long-term remission is low and is reported to be 50% at most. Therefore, the optimum management strategy for perianal fistulas associated with CD remains controversial. Currently, the goal of management for CD-related perianal fistulas are controlling symptoms and maintaining long-term anal function without proctectomy, while monitoring progression to anorectal carcinoma. This review evaluates perianal fistula in CD patients and determines the optimal surgical management strategy based on recent evidence.

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American Journal of Gastroenterology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Upadacitinib for Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of 3 Phase 3 Trials
Jean-Frédéric Colombel, Ana P. Lacerda, Peter M. Irving, Remo Panaccione, Walter Reinisch, Florian Rieder, Adam Steinlauf, David Schwartz, Tian Feng, Elena Dubcenco, Samuel I. Anyanwu, F. Stephen Laroux, Colla Cunneen, Nick Powell
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Mucosal advancement flap versus ligation of the inter-sphincteric fistula tract for management of trans-sphincteric perianal fistulas in the elderly: a retrospective study
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Original Article

Benign proctology,Surgical technique

Two-Stage Complete Deroofing Fistulotomy Approach for Horseshoe Fistula: Successful Surgery Leaving Continence Intact: Asami Usui, Gentaro Ishiyama, Akihiko Nishio, Maiko Kawamura, Yukiko Kono, Yuji Ishiyama; Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(3):153-158. Published online January 12, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2020.06.08

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4 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose
Surgery of the horseshoe fistula is challenging due to its complex configuration and sphincter muscle involvement. Complete deroofing fistulotomy for horseshoe fistula is highly curative with the eradication of all fistulous lesions but has been discredited for its high incontinence rate. It was replaced with the more conservative Hanley’s procedure leaving the lateral tracts intact, despite its issue of recurrence. Our study aimed to report the outcomes of a procedure dividing complete deroofing fistulotomy for horseshoe fistula into 2 stages to avoid impairment of sphincter function.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 139 patients who underwent surgery for horseshoe fistula using the 2-stage complete deroofing fistulotomy method between 2014 and 2017. The first surgery deroofed the lateral tracts with an arch-like incision severing the anococcygeal ligament. The primary lesion was also drained and curetted. A seton was placed in the primary tract which was laid open in the second surgery after the lateral wound had partially healed.
Results
Recurrence was observed in 12 patients. All were superficial recurrences except for 1, in which recurrence was confirmed in the primary lesion. Those with blind intersphincteric upward extensions had a significantly higher recurrence rate. Furthermore, patients who resided far from the hospital and could not make visits for frequent wound inspections also had a significantly higher recurrence rate. No patient had any continence issues at the end of the follow-up period.
Conclusion
Managing horseshoe fistula with the 2-stage deroofing fistulotomy approach allows for eradication of the fistula tract without compromising anal sphincter function.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Successful management of a rare horseshoe perianal fistula using the modified Hanley procedure: a case report
Ibnu Kharisman, Ida Bagus Budhi Surya Adnyana, Suryo Wahyu Raharjo
International Surgery Journal.2025; 12(11): 1991. CrossRef
Clinical efficacy of the bared external anal sphincter (BEAS) in high horseshoe-shaped anal fistulas: Protocol for a real-world, prospective cohort study
Qianqian Ye, Ye Han, Peixin Du, Min Yang, De Zheng, Zubing Mei, Qingming Wang
Heliyon.2024; 10(15): e35024. CrossRef
Evaluating the efficacy of multi-incision and tube-dragging therapy combined with laser closure for high horseshoe-shaped anal fistula: Protocol of a prospective, randomized, controlled trial
Min Yang, Zubing Mei, Qingming Wang, Ye Han, De Zheng, James Mockridge
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(9): e0307653. CrossRef
A systematic review of translation and experimental studies on internal anal sphincter for fecal incontinence
Minsung Kim, Bo-Young Oh, Ji-Seon Lee, Dogeon Yoon, Wook Chun, Il Tae Son
Annals of Coloproctology.2022; 38(3): 183. CrossRef

Case Report

Benign proctology

Combined Fistulotomy and Contralateral Anal Internal Sphincterotomy for Recurrent and Complex Anal Fistula to Prevent Recurrence: Adeodatus Yuda Handaya, Aditya Rifqi Fauzi; Ann Coloproctol. 2020;36(2):122-127. Published online March 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.11.19

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3 Citations

Abstract PDF

The ideal intervention in the treatment of perianal fistula prevents the onset of infection to speed healing and prevent fistula recurrence while maintaining the function of the anal sphincter. Currently, there is no consensus on the best recommended surgical technique for perianal fistula management. Several studies have shown that fistulotomy was an easy and safe procedure for treatment of perianal fistula. Lateral internal sphincterotomy is the usual procedure performed on an anal fissure to decrease the anal sphincter tone. This study reports a combination of fistulotomy and contralateral internal sphincterotomy procedures for recurrent and complex perianal fistula to prevent recurrence. Here, we report 5 cases of recurrent and complex perianal fistula. The combination of fistulotomy and contralateral internal sphincterotomy is a relatively easy and safe procedure for complex perianal fistulae. In our cases, we found neither recurrence nor postoperative anal incontinence.

Citations

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Modified anal sphincter suspension improves anal function in patients with anal fistula
Peng Chen
American Journal of Translational Research.2024; 16(9): 4858. CrossRef
Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistulous Tract vs Endorectal Advancement Flap for High-Type Fistula in Ano: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Pankaj Kumar, Siddhant Sarthak, Pradeep K Singh, Tushar S Mishra, Prakash K Sasmal
Journal of the American College of Surgeons.2023; 236(1): 27. CrossRef
Comparison of loose combined cutting seton and traditional cutting seton for high anal fistula: a meta-analysis
Yi SUN, Chunqiang WANG, Tianye HUANG, Xuebing WANG
Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Benign proctology

Increased Long-term Risk of Anal Fistula After Proctologic Surgery: A Case-Control Study: Julie Assaraf, Elsa Lambrescak, Jérémie H Lefèvre, Vincent de Parades, Josée Bourguignon, Isabelle Etienney, Milad Taouk, Patrick Atienza, Jean-David Zeitoun; Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(2):90-93. Published online January 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2019.06.18

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
Anal fistula is a common condition in proctology, usually requiring surgical treatment. Few risk factors have been clearly identified based on solid evidence. Our research objective was to determine whether history of anal surgery was a risk factor for subsequent anal fistula.
Methods
We conducted a case-control study from January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2013 in our tertiary center, comprising 280 cases that underwent surgery for anal fistula and 123 control patients seeking a consultation for upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease were excluded. For both cases and controls, the following variables were recorded: sex, any prior anal surgery, diabetes mellitus, infection with human immunodeficiency virus, and smoking status. For each variable, confidence interval and odds ratio (OR) were calculated.
Results
In univariate analysis, male sex (73.2% vs. 31.7%, P < 0.0001), active smoking (38.1% vs. 22%, P = 0.0015), and prior anal surgery (16.0% vs. 4.1%, P = 0.0008) were associated with higher risk of anal fistula. In multivariate analysis, only male sex (OR, 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.42 to 9.10; P < 0.0001) and previous anal surgery (OR, 4.48; 95% CI, 1.79 to 13.7; P = 0.0008) remained independently associated with anal fistula occurrence.
Conclusion
The epidemiology of anal fistula is poorly assessed despite the high frequency at which it is diagnosed. Our findings suggest that history of any kind of anal surgery is a risk factor for further onset of anal fistula. Surgeons and patients must be informed of this issue.

Citations

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Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the therapeutic mechanism of Calvatia lilacina in promoting wound healing of anal fistula
Tangtang He, Kewei Wang, Ruiwen Mo, Juntong Guo, Bin Jiang, Ruoyu Mu, Wen Min, Lifeng Zhu, Jun Chen
Chinese Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Perianal fistula a silent epidemic that face proctology and coloproctology in public health
Alida Vallejo-López , Josefina Ramírez-Amaya , Cesar Noboa-Terán
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología.2025; 5: 1360. CrossRef
Research Progress on External Therapies of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Postoperative Healing of Anal Fistula
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Journal of Clinical Personalized Medicine.2025; 04(03): 275. CrossRef
Treatment of Hemorrhoid in Unusual Condition-Pregnancy
Hyo Seon Ryu
The Ewha Medical Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Frequency and risk factors of severe postoperative bleeding after proctological surgery: a retrospective case-control study
Sarah Taieb, Patrick Atienza, Jean-David Zeitoun, Milad Taouk, Josée Bourguignon, Christian Thomas, Nabila Rabahi, Saliha Dahlouk, Anne-Carole Lesage, David Lobo, Isabelle Etienney
Annals of Coloproctology.2022; 38(5): 370. CrossRef

Evaluation of a Seton Procedure Combined With Infliximab Therapy (Early vs. Late) in Perianal Fistula With Crohn Disease: Myunghoon Jeon, Kihwan Song, Jail Koo, Sohyun Kim; Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35(5):249-253. Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.11.23.1

8,532 View
134 Download
15 Web of Science
15 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose
We assessed the clinical outcomes of a seton procedure combined with early versus late institution of infliximab (IFX) therapy.
Methods
This retrospective study comprised 76 patients who underwent surgery for perianal fistula associated with Crohn disease between January 2014 and November 2017. All patients underwent loose seton drainage combined with IFX therapy. Patients categorized as the early group (EG, 49 patients) received IFX therapy within 30 days of completion of the seton procedure. Patients categorized as the late group (LG, 27 patients) received IFX therapy >30 days after the seton procedure. IFX therapy was administered as induction and maintenance therapy.
Results
There were no statistically significant intergroup differences in clinical characteristics of the patients. The mean follow-up was 21.0 ± 11.6 months in the EG and 34.5 ± 18.4 months in the LG (P = 0.001). The mean interval between seton procedure and IFX induction therapy was 12.2 days in the EG and 250.2 days in the LG (P = 0.002). Complete remission was observed in 32 patients (65.3%) in the EG and 17 patients (63.0%) in the LG (P = 0.844). Fistula recurrence was observed in 6 patients (7.9%). All recurrences occurred in a previous perianal fistula tract.
Conclusion
Patients showed a good response to a seton procedure combined with IFX therapy regardless of the time of initiation of IFX therapy.

Citations

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Perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease: Clinical practice update from Colitis and Crohn’s Foundation (India)
Peeyush Kumar, Arshdeep Singh, Neha Berry, Vandana Midha, Rupa Banerjee, Naresh Bhat, Adarsh Chaudhary, Devendra Desai, Usha Dutta, Pankaj Garg, Uday C. Ghoshal, Chandan Kakkar, Saurabh Kedia, Govind Makharia, Sandeep Nijhawan, Partha Pal, Mathew Philip,
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of Seton Use on Clinical, Patient-Reported, and Healthcare Resource Utilization Outcomes in Complex Crohn’s Perianal Fistulas: A Systematic Literature Review
Ian White, Chitra Karki, Parnia Geransar, Lilia Leisle, Sophia Junker, Phillip Fleshner
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.2025; 31(6): 1556. CrossRef
Management of Anal Fistula with Crohn's Disease
Shota Takano, Yasushi Nakamura, Kohei Tamaoka, Takafumi Yoshimoto, Yasue Irei, Yoriyuki Tsuji
Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon.2025; 9(1): 10. CrossRef
Pouch advancement flaps for the surgical management of complex pouch-related fistulas: Is there a difference between pouch perineal and pouch vaginal fistulae?
Giulia De Carlo, Mikhael Belkovsky, Olga Lavryk Lavryk, Arielle Kanters, Katherine Falloon, Maliha Naseer, Manuel Braga-Neto, Taha Qazi, Benjamin Cohen, Jeremy Lipman, David Liska, Tracy Hull, Stefan Holubar
Surgery.2025; 187: 109638. CrossRef
Identifying landmark factors of anal fistulas through predictive modelling for adverse surgical outcomes: a retrospective cohort study
Guanlin Liu, Kaiqiang Xu, Qiang Meng, Jing Wang, Yunwei Li
BMC Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Management of Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease
Arshdeep Singh, Vandana Midha, Gursimran Singh Kochhar, Bo Shen, Ajit Sood
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.2024; 30(9): 1579. CrossRef
The use of core descriptors from the ENiGMA code study in recent literature: a systematic review
Saher‐Zahra Khan, Andrea Arline, Kate M. Williams, Matthew J. Lee, Emily Steinhagen, Sharon L. Stein
Colorectal Disease.2024; 26(3): 428. CrossRef
The Optimal Management of Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease: Evidence beyond Randomized Clinical Trials
Panu Wetwittayakhlang, Alex Al Khoury, Gustavo Drügg Hahn, Peter Laszlo Lakatos
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(11): 3045. CrossRef
The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Anorectal Abscess, Fistula-in-Ano, and Rectovaginal Fistula
Wolfgang B. Gaertner, Pamela L. Burgess, Jennifer S. Davids, Amy L. Lightner, Benjamin D. Shogan, Mark Y. Sun, Scott R. Steele, Ian M. Paquette, Daniel L. Feingold
Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.2022; 65(8): 964. CrossRef
Management of perianal fistula in inflammatory bowel disease: identification of prognostic factors associated with surgery
Sara Gortázar de Las Casas, Mario Alvarez-Gallego, Jose Antonio Gazo Martínez, Natalia González Alcolea, Cristina Barragán Serrano, Aitor Urbieta Jiménez, María Dolores Martín Arranz, Jose Luis Marijuan Martín, Isabel Pascual Migueláñez
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2021; 406(4): 1181. CrossRef
Treatment Strategy for Perianal Fistulas in Crohn Disease Patients: The Surgeon’s Point of View
Jong Lyul Lee, Yong Sik Yoon, Chang Sik Yu
Annals of Coloproctology.2021; 37(1): 5. CrossRef
Multidisciplinary management of perianal Crohn's disease
Suha Abushamma, David H. Ballard, Radhika K. Smith, Parakkal Deepak
Current Opinion in Gastroenterology.2021; 37(4): 295. CrossRef
Approach to medical therapy in perianal Crohn’s disease
Abhinav Vasudevan, David H Bruining, Edward V Loftus, William Faubion, Eric C Ehman, Laura Raffals
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 27(25): 3693. CrossRef
Infliximab

Reactions Weekly.2020; 1785(1): 284. CrossRef
Mesenchymal stem cells in perianal Crohn’s disease
H. Guadalajara, M. García-Arranz, M. Dolores Herreros, K. Borycka-Kiciak, A. L. Lightner, D. García-Olmo
Techniques in Coloproctology.2020; 24(8): 883. CrossRef

Case Report

Anal Adenocarcinoma Can Masquerade as Chronic Anal Fistula in Asians: Faith Qi-Hui Leong, Dedrick Kok Hong Chan, Ker-Kan Tan; Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35(1):47-49. Published online December 3, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.03.15

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
Perianal adenocarcinoma arising from a chronic anorectal fistula is a rare condition for which the natural history and optimal management are not well established. For that reason, we conducted a retrospective analysis of 5 consecutive patients with a perianal adenocarcinoma arising from a chronic anorectal fistula managed at our institution from January 2014 to December 2015.
Methods
The patients were identified from a prospectively collected colorectal cancer database that included all patients managed for colorectal cancer at our institution.
Results
The median age at diagnosis was 64 years (range, 55–72 years). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the initial investigation for all patients and showed a hyperintense T2-weighted image. One patient underwent an abdominoperineal resection following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and remained disease free during the 12-month follow-up. Three patients received neoadjuvant therapy with intent for surgery, but did not undergo surgery due to either worsening health or metastatic spread. One patient declined intervention. The median overall survival was 10.5 months (range, 2–19 months).
Conclusion
A high index of suspicion is required to make a clinical diagnosis of an anal adenocarcinoma arising from a chronic fistula. Histologic diagnosis must be achieved to confirm the diagnosis. Multimodal therapy with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by abdominoperineal resection is the treatment of choice.

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A Long-standing Perianal Fistula Hiding an Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report
I-Wei Lin, Ying-Wen Su, Ching-Heng Ting, Ming-Jen Chen
Journal of Cancer Research and Practice.2026; 13(1): 34. CrossRef
Chronic fistula in ano associated with adenocarcinoma: a case report with a review of the literature
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Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(Suppl 1): S1. CrossRef
Value of apparent diffusion coefficient on MRI for prediction of histopathological type in anal fistula cancer
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Medicine.2023; 102(14): e33281. CrossRef
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Non-mucinous adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the anal region masquerading as abscess or fistula: a retrospective analysis and systematic review of literature
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Vasilis Taliadoros, Henna Rafique, Shahnawaz Rasheed, Paris Tekkis, Christos Kontovounisios
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Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy does not improve outcomes in patients with fistula-associated anal adenocarcinoma undergoing abdominoperineal resection
Min Wang, Yu Xiang, Yunshan Wang, Jiayi Zhang, Haoran Zhao, Can Wang, Lichao Qiao, Bolin Yang
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

The Impact of the Outcome of Treating a High Anal Fistula by Using a Cutting Seton and Staged Fistulotomy on Saudi Arabian Patients: Bader Hamza Shirah, Hamza Asaad Shirah; Ann Coloproctol. 2018;34(5):234-240. Published online October 10, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.03.23

16,444 View
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17 Citations

Abstract PDF

Purpose
A cutting seton is used after a partial distal fistulotomy to treat patients with a high exrasphincteric fistula in ano to avoid fecal incontinence and recurrence. In Saudi Arabia, religious practices necessitate complete cleanness, which makes conditions affecting anal continence a major concern to patients affected by an anal fistula. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the cutting seton in treating a high anal fistula among Saudi Arabians.
Methods
Between January 2005 and December 2014, a prospective study was done for 372 Saudi Arabian patients diagnosed as having a high anal fistula and treated with a cutting seton at Al-Ansar General Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia. 0-silk sutures were used. All patients underwent the same preoperative assessment, operative technique, and postoperative follow-up. Weekly, the seton was tightened in outpatient clinics.
Results
Two hundred ninety-eight patients (80.1%) were males and 74 (19.9%) females. The duration of symptoms varied from 3–21 months. The fistula healed completely in 363 patients (97.6%); 58 patients (15.6%) reported some degree of incontinence to flatus, but none to feces. In 9 patients (2.4%) the fistula recurred.
Conclusion
The utilization of the cutting seton method in the treatment of patients with a high anal fistula is highly efficient as it simultaneously drains the abscess, cuts the fistulous tract, and causes fibrosis along the tract. Treatment of a high anal fistula by using a staged fistulotomy with a cutting seton was very rewarding to Saudi Arabian patients who feared anal incontinence for religious reasons and was associated with low postoperative complication and recurrence rates.

Citations

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Outcomes Following the Cutting Seton Procedure for High Anal Fistula
Hasnain Khan, Farrukh Ozair Shah, Tilal Ahmed Raza, Ayesha Mehmood, Nouman Khattak, Ahsan Saleem, . Abdullah
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Application of Advancement Flap After Loose Seton Placement: A Modified Two-Stage Surgical Repair of a Transsphincteric Anal Fistula: Metin Ertem, Hakan Gok, Emel Ozveri, Volkan Ozben; Ann Coloproctol. 2014;30(4):192-196. Published online August 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2014.30.4.192

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

A number of techniques have been described for the treatment of a transsphincteric anal fistula. In this report, we aimed to introduce a relatively new two-stage technique, application of advancement flap after loose seton placement, to present its technical aspects and to document our results.

Methods

Included in this retrospective study were 13 patients (10 males, 3 females) with a mean age of 42 years who underwent a two-stage seton and advancement flap surgery for transsphincteric anal fistula between June 2008 and June 2013. In the first stage, a loose seton was placed in the fistula tract, and in the second stage, which was performed three months later, the internal and external orifices were closed with advancement flaps.

Results

All the patients were discharged on the first postoperative day. The mean follow-up period was 34 months. Only one patient reported anal rigidity and intermittent pain, which was eventually resolved with conservative measures. The mean postoperative Wexner incontinence score was 1. No recurrence or complications were observed, and no further surgical intervention was required during follow-up.

Conclusion

The two-stage seton and advancement flap technique is very efficient and seems to be a good alternative for the treatment of a transsphincteric anal fistula.

Citations

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International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Healing Time, Recurrence Rate, Incontinence, and Quality of Life Following Endorectal Advancement Flap versus Cutting Seton Insertion for Trans-Sphincteric High Type Anal Fistula: A 5-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Mohammad Mostafa Safarpour, Khadije Gorgi, Adel Zeinalpour, Sara Shojaei-Zarghani, Zahra Ghanbarzadegan, Seyed Vahid Hosseini
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Comparison of a Fistulectomy and a Fistulotomy with Marsupialization in the Management of a Simple Anal Fistula: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Trial: Bhupendra Kumar Jain, Kumar Vaibhaw, Pankaj Kumar Garg, Sanjay Gupta, Debajyoti Mohanty; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2012;28(2):78-82. Published online April 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2012.28.2.78

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Abstract PDF

Purpose

This randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare a fistulectomy and a fistulotomy with marsupialization in the management of a simple anal fistula.

Methods

Forty patients with simple anal fistula were randomized into two groups. Fistulous tracts were managed by using a fistulectomy (group A) while a fistulotomy with marsupialization was performed in group B. The primary outcome measure was wound healing time while secondary outcome measures were operating time, postoperative wound size, postoperative pain, wound infection, anal incontinence, recurrence and patient satisfaction.

Results

Postoperative wounds in group B healed earlier in comparison to group A wounds (4.85 ± 1.39 weeks vs. 6.75 ± 1.83 weeks, P = 0.035). No significant differences existed between the operating times (28.00 ± 6.35 minutes vs. 28.20 ± 6.57 minutes, P = 0.925) and visual analogue scale scores for postoperative pain on the first postoperative day (4.05 ± 1.47 vs. 4.50 ± 1.32, P = 0.221) for the two groups. Postoperative wounds were larger in group A than in group B (2.07 ± 0.1.90 cm² vs. 1.23 ± 0.87 cm²), however this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.192). Wound discharge was observed for a significantly longer duration in group A than in group B (4.10 ± 1.91 weeks vs. 2.75 ± 1.71 weeks, P = 0.035). There were no differences in social and sexual activities after surgery between the patients of the two groups. No patient developed anal incontinence or recurrence during the follow-up period of twelve weeks.

Conclusion

In comparison to a fistulectomy, a fistulotomy with marsupialization results in faster healing and a shorter duration of wound discharge without increasing the operating time.

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Review

New Techniques for Treating an Anal Fistula: Kee Ho Song; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2012;28(1):7-12. Published online February 29, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2012.28.1.7

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Abstract PDF

Surgery for an anal fistula may result in recurrence or impairment of continence. The ideal treatment for an anal fistula should be associated with low recurrence rates, minimal incontinence and good quality of life. Because of the risk of a change in continence with conventional techniques, sphincter-preserving techniques for the management complex anal fistulae have been evaluated. First, the anal fistula plug is made of lyophilized porcine intestinal submucosa. The anal fistula plug is expected to provide a collagen scaffold to promote tissue in growth and fistula healing. Another addition to the sphincter-preserving options is the ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure. This technique is based on the concept of secure closure of the internal opening and concomitant removal of infected cryptoglandular tissue in the intersphincteric plane. Recently, cell therapy for an anal fistula has been described. Adipose-derived stem cells have two biologic properties, namely, ability to suppress inflammation and differentiation potential. These properties are useful for the regeneration or the repair of damaged tissues. This article discusses the rationales for, the estimated efficacies of, and the limitations of new sphincter-preserving techniques for the treatment of anal fistulae.

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Original Articles

Surgery for a Complex Anal Fistula.: Hwang, Sung Hwan , Bang, Mi Ji; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2008;24(2):77-82.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2008.24.2.77

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31 Download
2 Citations

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Because of the complexity and un-expectation of the courses and clinical features for the complex anal fistula, the management of it presents a difficult surgical challenge. Various techniques have been used, such as seton placement, advancement flap closure, muscle filling procedure, and fibrin glue injection. The classic lay-open and seton placement may distort the anal anatomy and result in poor functional outcomes, such as incontinence. Also, advancement flap techniques are associated with relatively high recurrence rates. This study assesses the results of surgery for a complex anal fistula, as performed in Hangun Hospital, Busan. Operative procedures were comprised of two or more separate procedures, including 1) a total fistulectomy, 2) muscle reconstruction, sometimes muscle transposition, 3) direct closure of the primary opening without making a mucosal advancement flap, and 4) a drainage procedure and/or other minor procedure. METHODS: Surgical procedures were performed on 22 patients (18 males) with a complex anal fistula between July 2004 and December 2004. The clinical and the manometric results were analyzed with respect to postoperative recurrence, delayed wound healing, and postoperative fecal incontinence. RESULTS: Nineteen of the 22 patients were completely healed without any sequelae. Treatment failure was encountered in one patient two months postoperatively, when an additional fistulotomy was performed to achieve a cure. There were two patients displaying delayed healing, who were successfully treated by curettage. No patient complained of postoperative fecal incontinence in either the clinical examination on the manometric study (mean resting pressure, 75.5+/-3.5 mmHg; maximal squeeze pressure, 175.7+/-10.3 mmHg). CONCLUSIONS: This short- term study suggests that a direct closure of the internal opening after a total fistulectomy can be an alternative surgical option for the treatment of a complex anal fistula.

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Long-Term Results of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Crohn's Fistula
Yong Beom Cho, Kyu Joo Park, Sang Nam Yoon, Kee Ho Song, Do Sun Kim, Sang Hun Jung, Mihyung Kim, Hee Young Jeong, Chang Sik Yu
Stem Cells Translational Medicine.2015; 4(5): 532. CrossRef
New Techniques for Treating an Anal Fistula
Kee Ho Song
Journal of the Korean Society of Coloproctology.2012; 28(1): 7. CrossRef

Crohn's Anal Fistula and Perianal Abscess: Results of Surgical Treatment.: Lee, In Seob , Choe, Eun Kyung , Park, Sung Chan , Park, Kyu Joo; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2007;23(6):424-430.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2007.23.6.424

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
In this paper, we intend to review the postoperative course of patients with a Crohn's anal fistula and/or perianal abscess and determine the relationship between the healing time and Crohn's Disease Acitivity Index (CDAI), the extent of intestinal unflammation, and the types of medical treatment.
METHODS
We performed a clinical analysis of the records of 25 Crohn's anal fistula patients (35 operation cases). All patients had undergone operations involving one surgeon at the same hospital between August 1998 and October 2006. We divided the patients into 2 groups (simple vs. complex fistula) and investigated the treatment and clinical course of each group.
RESULTS
The mean age of the patients was 27 years old; the numbers of simple and complex fistulas were 5 (14.3%) and 30 (85.7%), respectively. All simple-group patients healed without recurrence. Moreover, there was no difference in healing time compared with the non-Crohn's patients in the simple-type group (50.4 vs. 45.6 days, P=0.976). However, in the complex group, only 23 cases healed, and the healing time was prolonged significantly compared with that for the non-Crohn's patients in the complex-type group (213 vs. 80 days, P=0.036). The mean healing time was 185.4 days, the number of operations was 1.64, the recurrence rate 32%, and the time to recurrence was about 900 days. Neither CDAI value (mean: 141.6) nor the extent of intestinal inflammation (including rectal inflammation) had any relationship with the healing time (P=0.392, P= 0.911). All patients used azathioprine during treatment, and neither infliximab nor prednisolone medication had any statistically significant effect on the healing time (P=0.73, 0.59).
CONCLUSIONS
The postoperative course of patients in the simple-type group was the same as that for patients with a non-Crohn's anal fistula. On the other hands in the complex-type group, there was frequent recurrence and slow recovery, regardless of the type of operation or medical treatment.

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Surgical options for perianal fistula in patients with Crohn's disease: A comparison of seton placement, fistulotomy, and stem cell therapy
Min Young Park, Yong Sik Yoon, Hyoung Eun Kim, Jong Lyul Lee, In Ja Park, Seok-Byung Lim, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim
Asian Journal of Surgery.2021; 44(11): 1383. CrossRef
Risk of Repeat Surgery for Perianal Crohn Disease
Doo Han Lee
Annals of Coloproctology.2015; 31(5): 169. CrossRef

Review

Surgical Treatment of Anal Fistula.: Lee, Jong Kyun; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2006;22(3):214-220.

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Abstract PDF: Various methods of surgical treatments were introduced for the treatment of anal fistulas. A surgeon has to select carefully the method most ideal to each type of anal fistulas. The fistulotomy is an ideal technique for the treatment of intersphincteric or transsphincteric fistulas because less serious problems of incontinence and/or recurrence follow after it. For the treatment of suprasphincteric and extrasphincteric fistulas, fistulotomy is of no use because of high incidence of incontinence. In such cases, most surgeons like to use the seton technique, muscle filling method, muscle closure method, advancement flap, re-route procedure, or fibrin glue injection in order to decrease the incidence of incontinence. The techniques and indications of each surgical procedure are reviewed in detail.

Original Article

The Clinical Effect of Sphincter-Preserving Modified Loose Seton Technique in Complex Anal Fistula.: Lee, Yun Young , Choi, Sun Keun , Kim, Sei Joong , Lee, Keon Young , Hur, Yoon Seok , Ahn, Seung Ik , Hong, Kee Chun , Shin, Seok Hwan , Woo, Ze Hong; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2002;18(3):156-162.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The cutting seton technique is a world-wide operative method in management of a complex anal fistula. However it has still some risks of anal deformity and fecal incontinence because of sphincter injury, and also required two-stage operation under the anesthesia. We have modified this conventional method into sphincter-preserving technique using the seton and evaluated the clinical effect of patients with complex anal fistula.
METHODS
The operative steps consisted of excision of the fistular tract without cutting the sphincter, and insertion of a non-absorbable suture material as a seton around the sphincter. When enough fibro-granulated tissues grew and pus discharge decreased markedly, the seton was just cut out from the wound without anesthesia at the outpatient basis. The clinical effect following treatment by using this method was assessed retrospectively in 81 patients, including 33 recurrent cases, who were treated during the four and a half-year period.
RESULTS
The average follow-up period to remove the seton and to eradicate the fistula was 68.9+/-39.5 and 82.1+/-45.6 days, respectively. No patients experienced fecal incontinence after surgery. The fistula was healed without recurrence in 78 patients (96.3%), preserving integrity of the sphincter. Recurrence developed in 3 patients who had two suprasphincteric fistulas and one transsphincteric fistula with supralevator abscess.
CONCLUSION
We suggest that this method is good for treating complex anal fistulas without two-stage operation because it has some advantages such as a lower recurrence, a lower functional impairment, and less anal deformity.

Review

Surgical Treatment of Anal Fistula.: Jun, Soo Han; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2002;18(2):141-146.

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Abstract PDF: Most anal fistulas are either intersphincteric or low transsphincteric and are treated by fistulotomy with a few recurrence and minimal risk of incontinence. In high and complicated fistulas, fistulotomy should not be used because of a high chance of incontinence. High transsphincteric or suprasphincteric fistulas, anterior fistulas in female, patients with coexisting inflammatory bowel disease, elderly patients with poor sphincter function, multiple simultaneous fistulas, or patients with multiple prior sphincter injuries need alternative technique to minimize the incidence of incontinence. The alternative techniques include seton placement, advancement flap closure, muscle filling procedure, fibrin glue, etc. depending on the status of fistula and patients. The various sphincter sparing techniques used widely are reviewed.

Original Article

Adenocarcinoma Associated with Anal Fistula.: Kang, Sung Bum , Heo, Seung Chul , Jung, Seung Yong , Choi, Hyo Seong , Park, Kyu Joo , Park, Jae Gahb; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2002;18(2):115-120.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Although adenocarcinoma associated with anal fistula is rare, missed diagnosis may result in progression of the tumor and poor outcome. This study is aimed to determine the clinical features of adenocarcinoma associated with anal fistula.
METHODS
The medical records of 8 (0.4%) cases associated with anal fistula, out of 1978 anorectal adenocarcinoma treated at Seoul National University Hospital between 1979 and 2000, were reviewed.
RESULTS
The median age at diagnosis of cancer was 57 years (range, 39 to 62 years) and sex ratio was 7 to 1 with male predominance. The median duration of anal fistula before diagnosis of cancer was 8.5 years (range, 4 to 30 years). Major symptoms at diagnosis of cancer were perianal pain (38%) and discharge (38%). Perianal mass was palpable in all patients. All patients except for one case, in which palliative T-colostomy was performed due to extensive invasion despite preoperative radiation therapy, were treated with abdominoperineal resection: 4 in curative resection and 3 in palliative rsection. There were 4 (50%) in stage IV, 3 (38%) in stage III, and 1 (12%) in stage II. On median follow-up of 16 months (range, 3 to 72 months), systemic recurrences of 2 cases at lung or intraperitoneal cavity and 1 local recurrence at posterior vaginal wall were developed after curative resection.
CONCLUSIONS
Adenocarcinoma associated with anal fistula had the history of long-standing anal fistula and perianal mass on physical examination. These tumors were detected at advanced stage and their outcomes were poor. Therefore, in the anal fistula combined with long-standing history or perianal mass, a high index of suspicion for malignancy is necessary and a generous biopsy of fistulous tract should be performed to rule out concomitant adenocarcinoma.

Case Report

A Case of Anal Fistula Which Has an External Opening in Thigh.: In, Seung Hyun , Lee, Heung Woo , Nam, Young Soo , Lee, Kwang Soo; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2001;17(5):273-276.

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Abstract PDF: Infection of the anal glands is the most common cause of anorectal abscess. Ductal obstruction may result in stasis, infection, and abscess formation. Drainage of the abscess through the perianal skin, whether spontaneous or operative, may lead to a fistula. the fistula in the fascial or fatty planes, especially within the intersphincteric space, located between the internal and the external sphincter extending into the ischiorectal fascia. Fistulas are usually divided into four main anatomic categories as described by Parks and colleagues in 1976.(1,2) The most commonly occurring is the intersphincteric fistula, constituting 70% of all anal fistulas. The infectious process starting from its origin passes directly downward to the anal margin, but there are some variants of these type of fistulas that are less common and more complex to treat. Transsphincteric (25%), suprasphincteric (4%), and extrasphincteric (1%) fistulas constitute the remaining 30% of other anal fistulas those are not intersphincteric. Extrasphincteric fistula is rare and difficult to treat. It begins from the perineal skin penetrating directly downward to the rectal wall above the levator ani. The tract it forms is completely outside the sphincteric apparatus. There are numerous causes to anal fistulas, including trauma, carcinoma, and Crohn's disease. We report a rare case of a 46 year old male patient with anal fistula which has a long abnormal course and an external opening in thigh. The patient suffered from pain on the external opening for 3 years, with dirty discharge.

Original Articles

A Clinical Review of Fistula-in-ano.: Cho, Eun Ho , Kim, Kwang Ho , Shim, Kang Sup , Park, Eung Bum; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(3):467-473.

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Abstract PDF: This study is a clinical review of 154 patients with fistula-in-ano, which were treated at the Department of General Surgery of Ewha Womans University Hospital from January, 1993 to December, 1996. The male to female ratio was 4:1, and the prevalent of groups were in the 3rd and 4th decade. The symptoms were anal discharge in 123 cases(79.8%), pain in 21 cases (13.6%), palpable mass in 9 cases(5.8%). 53.8% of the patients showed a duration of symtoms which were within 6 mouths. The previous or combined anal diseases were anal abscess in 62.4%, postfistulectomy in 29.0%, hemorrhoid in 4.3%, and anal fissure in 1.2%. The histopathologic etiologies were chronic non-specific inflammation in 94.8%, and tuberculosis in 3.2%. 38.8% of the patients showed an external openings in the anterior midline, 25.9% in the posterior midline, 13.0% in the left lateral, and 10.4% in the right lateral portion of the anus. In 84.4% of the patients, the interval opening was identified. The intersphincteric type was the most common. The operative procedures included fistulotomy with lay open in 129 cases(83.8%), fistulotomy with seton in 16 cases(10.4%), and fistulectomy in 8 cases(5.2%). The days of hospital stay were mostly within 14 days. The main postoperative complications were urinary retention and reccurance, which were identified in 4.6% each of the patients. The acuracy and the predictive value of fistulography, a method of identification of the internal openings showed an accuracy of 73%, the predictive value of positive tests was 95% and that of the negative test was 30%.

Anal Fistula in Crohn's Disease.: Lim, Seok Won , Lee, Chul Ho , Lee, Kwang Real , Yu, Jung Jun; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(1):101-109.

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Abstract PDF: Crypt glandular infection theory is accepted as an explanation of anal fistula's major cause. However, the pathogenesis of an anal fistula in Crohn's disease is different from that of a conventional anal fistula because a Crohn's anal fistula is caused by ulceration which, in turn, is caused by transmural inflammation of the rectal wall due to Crohn's disease. The difficulty with operating on anal fistulas in Crohn's disease lies in the fact that healing of the wound is inhibited because of continuous inflammation of the anorectal tissue due to Crohn's disease. Hence, there is a high possibility of incontinence due to sphincter muscle injury. Especially, because almost all Crohn's disease patients have frequent defecation and diarrhea, the patients will suffer more if incontinence occurs. Nowadays, even with increased understanding of the etiology of Crohn's disease, new medications, and aggressive surgical approaches, the result of treatment is still not satisfactory. Recently, since Korean eating habits have changed to include more western-style food in the diet, inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease, is expected to increase. Consequently, the number of cases of anal fistulas in Crohn's disease is also expected to increase. The authors reviewed 20 confirmed cases of anal fistulas in Crohn's disease, which were treated from January 1993 to December 1995 at Song-Do Colorectal Hospital. The results are as follows: 1) Anal fistulas in Crohn's disease were present in 20(0.6%) of the 3378 cases of anal fistulas treated during the time period considered. 2) The male to female ratio for these 20 cases was 2: 1, and the most Prevalent age group was the 3rd decade, followed by the 2nd decade, the 4th decade, and the 5th decade in that order. 3) Three cases of anal fistulas whose origins could be explained by crypt glandular infection theory and which did not involve the rectum healed, although the healing was delayed. 4) Seventeen cases of anal fistulas whose origins could not be explained by crypt glandular infection theory and which involved the rectum did not heal after the operation. he results of the study show that anal fistulas whose origins can be explanined by crypt glandular infection theory and which do not involve the rectum can be cured by conventional fistula surgery. However, perirectal fistulas whose origins can not be explained by crypt glandular infection theory and which involve the rectum do not heal. Because there is the possibility of incontinence after a conventional operation, it is suggested that, in the cases of perirectal fistulas in Crohn's disease, better results, although not completely satisfactory, can be obtained by long-term seton drainage and diversion colostomy.

The Treatment Of Fistula-in-ano in Infants.: Cho, Hang Jnn , Kim, Toung Kyun , Kim, Do Sun , Lee, Doo Han , Kang, Yoon Sik; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(1):97-100.

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Abstract PDF: The authors performed a retrospective review to find out optimal treatment plan in infantile fistula-in-ano. There were seventy-one patients in a 2-year period. All were male and other clinical characteristics were similar to previous reports. The onset in 60 patients(97%) of the cases was in the first 1 year of alee, especially in the first 3 months(52%). We investigated patterns of disease progression in multiple-lesion cases(19cases 29%). In 5 out of 9 cases of which we could identify the patterns, new lesion developed from 1 month to 4 months after index lesion. Fifty Patients underwent fistulotomy under principle of early surgical intervention, No recurrence was found except 2cases who needed second operation during 30 months of median follow-up(23~48 months). In 21 patients whose parents did not want operation, we performed simple drainage and followed-up. Six out of 12 patients who could be communicable had no fistula-related symptoms from 20 months to 31 months. This suggests that simple drainage has therapeutic effect in some portion of infantile abscess. We conclude that simple drainage should be initial treatment of choice in infantile perianal abscess. We suggest that definite operation for recurrent abscess and fistula with relatively mild symptoms should be delayed until 1-year of age because of interval ccurrence of multiple lesions and therapeutic effect of simple drainage.

Treatment of Fistula in ano by Kshara Sutra.: Choi, Kyung Dal; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2000;16(1):25-28.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Sushrutra (BC 5th century) advocated a conservative management by applying Kshara Sutra (phyto-chemically processed thread) for the treatment of anal fistulas in India. In 1965, this technique was introduced by Deshpande and 40 cases were treated on an "outpatient" ambulatory basis. The purpose of this study is to determine the result of Kshara Sutra (KS) in treatment of fistula in ano.
METHODS
One hundred and five patients with anal fistula were treated with KS. Excision of the primary lesion and fistula tract was done externally and KS was passed around the tract. Tissue gripped within the thread was the anoderm, mucosa, and sphincter. Finally, the thread encircled the part of the anal wall that needed excision and an additional clamp for loose tying.
RESULTS
The range of age was from 21 to 59 years while the sex ratio was 6.5:1 (M:F). In 94 patients, the average cutting time was about two weeks, and the other were three to four weeks. KS thread was applied only once for primary operation in 98 cases, and a successive change was required in 7 cases. The mean hospital stay after operation was 4.2 days. In 76 cases, the mean period of follow up was 23 (range 7~32) months. There were no recurrences, but there were 4 mild deformities of the anus, 2 mild soilings, 1 delayed cutting, and 5 delayed healings.
CONCLUSIONS
Kshara Sutra is a technically easy, safe, and simple method and does not require a long hospitalization.

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