Annals of Coloproctology

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Original Articles

Colorectal cancer

Efficacy of preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with cT2N0 distal rectal cancer: Min Young Park, Chang Sik Yu, Tae Won Kim, Jong Hoon Kim, Jin-hong Park, Jong Lyul Lee, Yong Sik Yoon, In Ja Park, Seok-Byung Lim, Jin Cheon Kim; Ann Coloproctol. 2023;39(3):250-259. Published online April 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2022.00066.0009

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Purpose
This study was designed to determine the feasibility of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (PCRT) in patients with clinical T2N0 distal rectal cancer.
Methods
Patients who underwent surgery for clinical T2N0 distal rectal cancer between January 2008 and December 2016 were included. Patients were divided into PCRT and non-PCRT groups. Non-PCRT patients underwent radical resection or local excision (LE) according to the surgeon’s decision, and PCRT patients underwent surgery according to the response to PCRT. Patients received 50.0 to 50.4 gray of preoperative radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy.
Results
Of 127 patients enrolled, 46 underwent PCRT and 81 did not. The mean distance of lesions from the anal verge was lower in the PCRT group (P=0.004). The most frequent operation was transanal excision and ultralow anterior resection in the PCRT and non-PCRT groups, respectively. Of the 46 patients who underwent PCRT, 21 (45.7%) achieved pathologic complete response, including 15 of the 24 (62.5%) who underwent LE. Rectal sparing rate was significantly higher in the PCRT group (11.1% vs. 52.2%, P<0.001). There were no significant differences in 3- and 5-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival regardless of PCRT or surgical procedures.
Conclusion
PCRT in clinical T2N0 distal rectal cancer patients increased the rectal sparing rate via LE and showed acceptable oncologic outcomes. PCRT may be a feasible therapeutic option to avoid abdominoperineal resection in clinical T2N0 distal rectal cancer.

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Lymph node metastasis following chemoradiotherapy in advanced rectal cancer: ypT2-focused analyses of total mesorectal excision specimens
A. N. Singhi, T.-G. Lee, H.-M. Ahn, H.-R. Shin, M. J. Choi, M. H. Jo, H.-K. Oh, D.-W. Kim, S.-B. Kang
Techniques in Coloproctology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Performance reporting design in artificial intelligence studies using image-based TNM staging and prognostic parameters in rectal cancer: a systematic review
Minsung Kim, Taeyong Park, Bo Young Oh, Min Jeong Kim, Bum-Joo Cho, Il Tae Son
Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(1): 13. CrossRef
Comparative analysis of organ preservation attempt and radical surgery in clinical T2N0 mid to low rectal cancer
Hyeung-min Park, Jaram Lee, Soo Young Lee, Chang Hyun Kim, Hyeong Rok Kim
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Organ preservation for early rectal cancer using preoperative chemoradiotherapy
Gyung Mo Son
Annals of Coloproctology.2023; 39(3): 191. CrossRef
Unveiling the profound advantages of total neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer: a trailblazing exploration
Kyung Uk Jung, Hyung Ook Kim, Hungdai Kim, Donghyoun Lee, Chinock Cheong
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2023; 105(6): 341. CrossRef

Malignant disease, Rectal cancer,Prognosis

Initial local excision for clinical T1 rectal cancer showed comparable overall survival despite high local recurrence rate: a propensity-matched analysis: Jong Hee Hyun, Mohamed K. Alhanafy, Hyoung-Chul Park, Su Min Park, Sung-Chan Park, Dae Kyung Sohn, Duck-Woo Kim, Sung-Bum Kang, Seung-Yong Jeong, Kyu Joo Park, Jae Hwan Oh, on behalf of the Seoul Colorectal Research Group (SECOG); Ann Coloproctol. 2022;38(2):166-175. Published online October 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00479.0068

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Abstract PDF

Purpose
Local excision (LE) is an alternative initial treatment for clinical T1 rectal cancer, and has avoided potential morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of LE compared with total mesorectal excision (TME) for clinical T1 rectal cancer.
Methods
Between January 2000 and December 2011, we retrospectively reviewed from multicenter data in patients with clinically suspected T1 rectal cancer treated with either LE or TME. Of 1,071 patients, 106 were treated with LE and 965 were treated with TME. The data were analyzed using propensity score matching, with each group comprising 91 patients.
Results
After propensity score matching, the median follow-up time was 60.8 months (range, 0.6–150.6 months). After adjustment for the necessary variables, patients who underwent LE showed a significantly higher local recurrence rate than did those who underwent TME; however, there were no differences in disease-free survival and overall survival. In the multivariate analysis, age (hazard ratio [HR], 9.620; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.415–27.098; P<0.001) and angiolymphatic invasion (HR, 3.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.33–9.89; P=0.012) were independently associated with overall survival. However, LE was neither associated with overall survival nor disease-free survival.
Conclusion
LE for clinical T1 rectal cancer yielded a higher local recurrence rate than did TME. Nevertheless, LE provided comparable overall survival rate and can be proposed as an optional treatment in terms of organ-preserving strategies.

Citations

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Performance reporting design in artificial intelligence studies using image-based TNM staging and prognostic parameters in rectal cancer: a systematic review
Minsung Kim, Taeyong Park, Bo Young Oh, Min Jeong Kim, Bum-Joo Cho, Il Tae Son
Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(1): 13. CrossRef
Sex Disparities in Rectal Cancer Surgery: An In-Depth Analysis of Surgical Approaches and Outcomes
Chungyeop Lee, In Ja Park
The World Journal of Men's Health.2024; 42(2): 304. CrossRef
Survival prognostic in different age groups of patients undergoing local versus radical excision for rectal cancer: a study based on the SEER database
Jinghui Li, Liang Wen, Yongli Ma, Guosheng Zhang, Ping Wang, Chengzhi Huang, Xueqing Yao
Updates in Surgery.2024; 76(3): 975. CrossRef
Comparative analysis of organ preservation attempt and radical surgery in clinical T2N0 mid to low rectal cancer
Hyeung-min Park, Jaram Lee, Soo Young Lee, Chang Hyun Kim, Hyeong Rok Kim
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Organ preservation for early rectal cancer using preoperative chemoradiotherapy
Gyung Mo Son
Annals of Coloproctology.2023; 39(3): 191. CrossRef
Surgical Techniques for Transanal Local Excision for Early Rectal Cancer
Gyoung Tae Noh
The Ewha Medical Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
How Can We Improve the Tumor Response to Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer?
Jeonghee Han
The Ewha Medical Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Multidisciplinary treatment strategy for early rectal cancer
Gyung Mo Son, In Young Lee, Sung Hwan Cho, Byung-Soo Park, Hyun Sung Kim, Su Bum Park, Hyung Wook Kim, Sang Bo Oh, Tae Un Kim, Dong Hoon Shin
Precision and Future Medicine.2022; 6(1): 32. CrossRef
The risk-benefit trade-off in local excision of early rectal cancer
Chang Hyun Kim
Annals of Coloproctology.2022; 38(2): 95. CrossRef
Applications of propensity score matching: a case series of articles published in Annals of Coloproctology
Hwa Jung Kim
Annals of Coloproctology.2022; 38(6): 398. CrossRef

Review

Update and Debate Issues in Surgical Treatment of Middle and Low Rectal Cancer: Nam Kyu Kim, Min Sung Kim, Sami F. AL-Asari; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2012;28(5):230-240. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2012.28.5.230

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Abstract PDF

Based on a review of the literature, this paper provides an update on surgical treatment of middle and low rectal cancer and discusses issues of debate surrounding that treatment. The main goal of the surgical treatment of rectal cancer is radical resection of the tumor and surrounding lymphatic tissue. Local excision of early rectal cancer can be another treatment option, in which the patient can avoid possible complications related to radical surgery. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) has been recommended for patients with cT3-4N0 or any T N+ rectal cancer because CRT shows better local control and less toxicity than adjuvant CRT. However, recent clinical trials showed promising results for local excision after neoadjuvant CRT in selected patients with low rectal cancer. In addition, the "wait and see" concept is another modality that has been reported for the management of tumors that show complete clinical remission after neoadjuvant CRT. Although radical surgery for middle and low rectal cancer is the cornerstone therapy, an ultralow anterior resection with or without intersphincteric resection (ISR) has become an alternative standard surgical method for selected patients. Many studies have reported on the oncological safety of the ISR, but few of them have addressed the issue the functional outcome. Furthermore, an abdominoperineal resection (APR) has problems with high rates of tumor perforations and positive circumferential resection margins, and those factors have contributed to its having a high rate of local recurrence and a poor survival rate for rectal cancer compared with sphincter-saving procedures. Recently, great efforts have been made to reduce these problems, and the total levator excision or the extended APR concept has emerged. Surgical management for low rectal cancer should aim to radically excise the tumor and to preserve as much of the sphincter function as possible by using multidisciplinary approaches. However, further prospective clinical trials are needed for tailored treatment of rectal cancer patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy up-regulates PD-L1 in radioresistant colorectal cancer
Sung Uk Bae, Hye Won Lee, Jee Young Park, Incheol Seo, Jae-Min Cho, Jin Young Kim, Ju Yup Lee, Yoo Jin Lee, Seong Kyu Baek, Nam Kyu Kim, Sang Jun Byun, Shin Kim
Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology.2025; 51: 100906. CrossRef
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation alters biomarkers of anticancer immunotherapy responses in locally advanced rectal cancer
Incheol Seo, Hye Won Lee, Sang Jun Byun, Jee Young Park, Hyeonji Min, Sung Hwan Lee, Ju-Seog Lee, Shin Kim, Sung Uk Bae
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer.2021; 9(3): e001610. CrossRef
Anus-Preserving Surgery in Advanced Low-Lying Rectal Cancer: A Perspective on Oncological Safety of Intersphincteric Resection
Guglielmo Niccolò Piozzi, Se-Jin Baek, Jung-Myun Kwak, Jin Kim, Seon Hahn Kim
Cancers.2021; 13(19): 4793. CrossRef
Surgical Treatment of Low-Lying Rectal Cancer: Updates
Cristopher Varela, Nam Kyu Kim
Annals of Coloproctology.2021; 37(6): 395. CrossRef
Factors influencing changing bowel habits in patients undergoing sphincter‐saving surgery for rectal cancer
Hyeonju Jeong, JeongYun Park
International Wound Journal.2019; 16(S1): 71. CrossRef
Critical and Challenging Issues in the Surgical Management of Low-Lying Rectal Cancer
Aeris Jane D. Nacion, Youn Young Park, Seung Yoon Yang, Nam Kyu Kim
Yonsei Medical Journal.2018; 59(6): 703. CrossRef
Prognostic significance of tumor regression in locally advanced rectal cancer after preoperative radiochemotherapy
Mirko Omejc, Maja Potisek
Radiology and Oncology.2017; 52(1): 30. CrossRef
The influence of the distal resection margin length on local recurrence and long- term survival in patients with rectal cancer after chemoradiotherapy and sphincter- preserving rectal resection
Jan Grosek, Vaneja Velenik, Ibrahim Edhemovic, Mirko Omejc
Radiology and Oncology.2017; 51(2): 169. CrossRef
Robotic Total Mesorectal Excision using a Wristed Suction-irrigation Device for Efficient Traction and Visualization
Sung Uk Bae, Woon Kyung Jeong, Seong Kyu Baek
The Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery.2017; 20(3): 120. CrossRef
The Role of Robotic Surgery for Rectal Cancer: Overcoming Technical Challenges in Laparoscopic Surgery by Advanced Techniques
Seungwan Park, Nam Kyu Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2015; 30(7): 837. CrossRef
Oncological superiority of extralevator abdominoperineal resection over conventional abdominoperineal resection: a meta-analysis
Ao Huang, Hongchao Zhao, Tianlong Ling, Yingjun Quan, Minhua Zheng, Bo Feng
International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2014; 29(3): 321. CrossRef

Original Articles

Trans-Sacral Local Resection as a Posterior Approach.: Lee, Bong Hwa , Park, Hyoung Chul , Lee, Hae Wan , An, Chang Nam , Um, Taeik , Lim, Young A , Kim, Byoung Sup , Chang, Mi Young , Kim, Soo Hyoung , Cho, Sung Wook; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2010;26(3):197-203.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2010.26.3.197

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Surgical removal for a mass in the pre-sacral space or mid rectum through a posterior approach is not frequent. We would like to present the technique of trans-sacral local resection as a posterior approach. We analyzed the follow up of patients who underwent surgery using the proposed technique.
METHODS
A total of 21 patients who had undergone a trans-sacral local resection with lower sacrectomy between January 1997 and December 2006 were enrolled in this study. The diagnoses were large epidermal cyst, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, high grade adenoma, and early cancers in the mid rectum. We analyzed the surgical complications and disease recurrences. The mean follow up for tumors of the rectum was 53+/-35 mo.
RESULTS
Epidural anesthesia was appropriate for all whole procedures. Among the 21 cases, there was one case of a rectocutaneous fistula as a postoperative complication (4.9%). In one case among the submucosal cancers, there was a systemic metastasis at 24 mo without local recurrence.
CONCLUSION
In our experience, a trans-sacral resection with a lower sacrectomy is a good option and provides a wide and direct surgical exposure for the removal of a pre-sacral or a mid-rectal mass. Good bowel preparation is mandatory.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

How to Treat Retrorectal Cysts or Tumors in Adult
Bong Hwa Lee, Hyoung Chul Park, Byung Seup Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Coloproctology.2011; 27(6): 276. CrossRef

Feasibility of York-Mason Operation for Selective Advanced Rectal Cancer.: Jeong, Woon Kyung , Baek, Seong Kyu , Bae, Ok Suk; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2009;25(3):178-185.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2009.25.3.178

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The York-Mason operation has been used as local therapy for benign rectal tumors not easily excised with a conventional transanal excision and for T1 rectal cancers having a low risk of lymph-node metastasis. This study evaluated whether a York-Mason operation could be an alternative therapy for selected patients with T2 or T3 rectal cancers.
METHODS
From February 2004 to March 2008, 11 patients with T2 or T3 rectal cancer, who refused rectal excision due to fear of abdominal surgery itself and perioperative side effects or unwillingness to have a permanent stoma, underwent a York-Mason operation. The data on the patients were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS
The distance from the anal verge to the tumor was 5 cm (median, 2-8 cm), and the tumor size was 3 cm (median, 1.5-4 cm). Histological examination revealed a pathological tumor (pT) stage 2 in eight patients, stage pT3 in one patient, and stage pTx in two patients. The distance from the resection margin to the tumor was 0.3 cm (median, 0.1-0.5 cm). Six patients (55%) had incomplete tumor excision. Radiotherapy was performed in one patient preoperatively and in eight postoperatively. Postoperative morbidity occurred in four patients (36%). During a median of 38.2 months, two patients (18%) developed local recurrence and liver metastasis. Postoperative mortality, which was not related to the procedure, occurred in one patient (9%).
CONCLUSION
The York-Mason operation could be considered as an alternative therapy for selected T2 or T3 rectal cancer patients who refuse rectal excision.

Citations

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Trans-Sacral Local Resection as a Posterior Approach
Bong Hwa Lee, Hyoung-Chul Park, Hae Wan Lee, Chang Nam An, Taeik Um, Young A Lim, Byoung Sup Kim, Mi Young Chang, Soo Hyoung Kim, Sung Wook Cho
Journal of the Korean Society of Coloproctology.2010; 26(3): 197. CrossRef

Local Control of Local Excision for T1/T2 Rectal Cancer .: Park, Ki Jae , Choi, Hong Jo , Roh, Young Hoon , Shin, Jong Sok , Lee, Hyung Sik; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2007;23(2):87-92.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/jksc.2007.23.2.87

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to review the outcome of local control after the local excision for T1/T2 rectal cancers and, thus, to assess its effectiveness as an alternative to a more radical resection.
METHODS
This retrospective study analyzed 23 patients with T1/T2 rectal cancer treated by local excision (LE), and their results were compared with the results for 22 patients with rectal cancer of the same stage treated by a radical resection (RR). All patients with pT2 lesions in the LE group received postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation. The outcomes were defined as 5-year local-recurrence-free survival (LRFS). The median follow-up was 72 (range, 40~92) months.
RESULTS
Recurrence occurred in 4 patients (pT1, 1; pT2, 3) in the LE group and in 3 patients (all pT2) in the the RR group. One patient with vascular invasion (T2N1M0) in the RR group showed multiple liver metastases at 23 months postoperatively. The difference in 5-year LRFS was not statistically significant between the two groups. In the LE group, the 5-year LRFS for pT2 lesions was significantly less favorable than that for pT1 lesions (40% vs. 94%; P= 0.005). The 5-year LRFS for pT2 in the RR group was more favorable than that in the LE group, although the difference was not statistically significant (76.9% vs. 40%, P=0.138). CONSLUSIONS: Local excision provides a favorable local control for pT1 rectal cancers. A more radical resection, however, remains an effective surgical option for pT2 lesions because local excision, even combined with adjuvant chemoradiation, showed substantial local recurrences.

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Recurrences after Local Excision for Early Rectal Adenocarcinoma
Jung Wook Huh, Yoon Ah Park, Kang Young Lee, Seong Ah Kim, Seung-Kook Sohn
Yonsei Medical Journal.2009; 50(5): 704. CrossRef

Decision of Salvage Treatment after Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery: Clinical Experience on 36 Cases of Rectal Cancer.: Shin, Suk Hee , Han, Sang Ah , Park, Chi Min , Yun, Seong Hyeon , Lee, Woo Yong , Choi, Dong Wook , Chun, Hokyung; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2005;21(6):406-412.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Local excision, including transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM), has become an alternative to the classic radical operation for early rectal cancer. However, radical resection for rectal cancer is necessary for advanced tumor, poor differentiation, a narrow resection margin, and positive lymphovascular invasion. This study presents the factors related to recurrence in patients who required secondary radical surgery after TEM, but did not undergo the operation.
METHODS
From November 1994 to December 2004, 167 patients underwent TEM for rectal cancer. Thirty-six of those patients were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were poor differentiation, a mucinous carcinoma, invasion to a proper muscle layer, lymphovascular invasion, and a positive resection margin.
RESULTS
Twelve of the 36 patients underwent a secondary radical operation, but 24 of them did not due to poor general condition or refusal. One of 12 patients (8.3%) who underwent a secondary radical operation had a systemic recurrence. Five of 24 patients (20.8%) who did not receive surgery had recurrences; 3 of 5 were local recurrence, and the others were distant metastases. Among the 24 patients who did not undergo a secondary radical operation, there were no recurrences in 2 cases of poor differentiation or mucinous carcinoma and in 2 cases of positive resection margin. There were 2 cases of recurrences in the 7 patients (25.0%) who had lymphovascular invasion, 1 case in the 1 patient (100%) who had a T3 lesion, 3 cases in the 17 patients (12.5%) who had T2 lesions.
CONCLUSIONS
In high-risk patients, TEM followed by radical surgery is most beneficial in preventing local recurrence. A radical operation is strongly recommended especially if pathologic results after TEM shows T3 lesions or lymphovascular invasion.

Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery after Preoperative Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy in Selected Distal Rectal Cancer Patients.: Park, Chi Min , Jung, Keuk Won , Han, Sang Ah , Yun, Seong Hyeon , Lee, Woo Yong , Chun, HoKyung; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2005;21(5):293-299.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Preoperative concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) therapy may allow higher rates of tumor resectability and sphincter-saving procedures. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) has become increasingly common in the management of selected patients with early rectal cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of selected patients with distal rectal cancer treated with TEM after CCRT.
METHODS
Between June 2000 and August 2004, 7 patients with clinically T2 or T3 rectal cancer underwent TEM after CCRT. Pretreatment and preoperative clinical stages were estimated by using endorectal ultrasound or computed tomography and digital rectal exam. CCRT was performed with radiation therapy of 4,500 cGy/25 fractions over 5 weeks with 5-FU based chemosensitization. TEM was performed 4~7 weeks following the completion of therapy.
RESULTS
The mean age was 54.9 (35~70) years and the median follow-up period was 23.0 (5~57) months. The lesions were located between 2 to 6 cm above the anal verge (median 3.0 cm). Pre- treatment T staging was estimated as T3 in 1 case and T2 in 6 cases, and post-treatment T staging was estimated as complete remission (CR) in 2 cases, T1 in 3 cases, and T2 in 2 patients. Pathologic evaluation revealed tumor downstaging in 6 patients, including 3 patients (42.9%) with CR. In all cases, there was no tumor on the resection margin. There have been no recurrences during the follow-up period.
CONCLUSIONS
TEM after CCRT therapy appears to be an effective alternative treatment to radical resection for highly selected patients with T2 and T3 distal rectal cancer.

Local Excision for Rectal Cancer.: NamGung, Hwan , Yu, Chang Sik , Kim, Hee Cheol , Cho, Young Kyu , Ryu, Jang Hak , Cho, Moon Kyung , Kim, Jin Cheon; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2002;18(5):305-310.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Local excision of early rectal cancers with favorable histologic features can provide comparable survival rate to radical surgery with minimal morbidity and mortality, showing excellent functional results. But, still worried about high local recurrence rate and poor survival rates for local excision. This study was performed to investigate complications and evaluate oncological out comes after local excision for rectal cancers.
METHODS
We evaluated 80 cases underwent local excision among 1681 patients with rectal cancer between January 1989 and December 2000. The mean age was 58+/-11 years and median follow up period was 24 (range: 1-82) months. Type of surgery for early rectal cancer were transanal excision in 51 cases (63.8%), transsphincteric approach in 12 cases (15%) and endoscopic submucosal resection alone in 17 cases (21.2%).
RESULTS
The distance from the anal verge was 5.9+/-2.6 cm and the mean tumor size was 2.5+/-2.0 cm. Pathological depth of invasion revealed 52 Tis, 21 T1, 6 T2, and 1 T3 tumors. Cellular differentiation was well-differentiated tumor in 73% and moderately-differentiated in 27%. On histologic examination, 65% of them comprised underlying adenoma component. Leakage from the closure site was observed in two cases of transsphincteric approach. One case required abdominoperineal resection and the other was managed by temporary colostomy. Adjuvant chemoradiation was performed in 10 cases: one Tis with positive resection margin, 6 deep T1, and 3 T2 tumors. Five tumors was salvaged by immediate surgery: one T1 with positive resection margin, 3 T2 with positive resection margin, and 1 T3. During the follow up period, one local recurrence was developed after 25 months of surgery and salvaged by low anterior resection.
CONCLUSION
Local excision for rectal cancer can be performed safely in strictly selected patients and meticulous surgical technique according to tumor location is mandatory to reduce postoperative complications.

Case Report

A Case of Granular Cell Tumor in the Perianal Region.: Hwang, Do Yeon , Song, Seok Kyu , Lee, Jong Ho , Kim, Hyun Shig , Lee, Jong Kyun , Lee, Jung Dal , Kim, Kwang Yun; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2001;17(2):108-111.

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Abstract PDF: Since granular cell tumor was first described by Abrikossoff in 1926, it has been known as a rare disease. The histogenesis of this tumor is still controversial, but the origin is thought to be from a Schwann cell. About one third of the tumors occur in the tongue, and uncommonly in the perianal region. We report a case of granular cell tumor that developed in the perianal region. The tumor grew slowly for 5 years and was removed by a local excision. This tumor showed positive staining with neuron-specific enolase (NSE).

Original Articles

Local Excision of Rectal Carcinoma.: Shin, Dong Gyeu , Shim, Kang Sup , Kim, Kwang Ho; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1999;15(1):73-81.

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Curative local excision of the rectal cancer had been advocated by many surgeons over the standard abdominoperineal resection (APR) for lower rectal cancer due to its low complication rate and improved quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the result of the local excision for rectal cancer.
METHOD
We prospectively analyzed 31 rectal cancer patients (including 2 patients of carcinoid tumor) who were suitable indication for local excision between Oct. 1993 and Dec. 1998 at Mokdong Hospital.
RESULTS
The age of the patients ranged from 39 to 81 years (>60 years: 77.8%) while sex ratio was 1:5 (M:F). Of 31 patients, 29 patients were located below 4 cm from anal verge. Other two were in between 7 cm and 10 cm from the anal verge. The tumor size ranged from 0.7 cm to 5 cm, most commonly within 3 cm. Invasion depth by tumor were as follows: 12 patients in mucosa; 7 patients in submucosa; 4 patients in inner muscle layer; 6 patients in outer muscle layer; and 2 patients in whole layer. Ten patients had well-differentiated tumors and 17 patients had moderately differentiated tumors, while one patient had mucinous histologic type. Seventy percent of patients with muscular layer invasion received adjuvant radiation therapy. Six patients received oral chemotherapeutic agent and 4 received immunopotentiator. During the follow-up period (mean: 18.4 months, range: 1~54 months), no local recurrence was found in the patients who were operated under curative intent.
CONCLUSION
We concluded that this method can be favorabe choice for the treatment of early rectal cancer without lymph node involvement if strict indication of the local excision for rectal cancer could be applied.

Results of Transanal Local Excision for Rectal Cancer.: Park, Kyu Joo , Park, Jae Gahb; J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13(1):51-62.

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Abstract PDF: Local excision for rectal cancer can yield comparable results to traditional radical operations in selected group of patients. We have retrospectively analyzed 32 cases of rectal cancer patients treated by transanal local excision for curative intent at the Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital between 1990 to 1996. These 32 cases represent 4.1% of total rectal cancer patients treated during the same period. Mean age of the patients were 57.0+/-11.8 years. Median tumor size was 2 cm(mean : 2.4+/-1.1 cm), and the median distance from the anal verge to the lower margin of the tumors was 5 cm(mean : 5.1+/-1.7 cm). Deepest layer invaded by cancer was as follows: mucosa, 31.3%; submucosa, 56.3%; muscularis propria, 9.4%; subserosa, 3.1%. Sixty-nine percent of the patients had well differentiated tumors and 31% had moderately differentiated tumors, while none of the cancers were poorly differentiated. No patient received any adjuvant therapy. After a median follow-up of 21 (range: 1~83) months, no local recurrence occurred in any of the patients. Our results indicate that transanal local excision can be performed with favorable outcome in selected group of rectal cancer patients.

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