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Anorectal benign disease
Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of complex anal fistula
Pankaj Garg, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Vipul D. Yagnik, G. Mahak
Ann Coloproctol. 2024;40(4):321-335.   Published online August 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2024.00325.0046
  • 6,608 View
  • 565 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 3 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Anal fistula can be a challenging condition to manage, with complex fistulas presenting even greater difficulties. The primary concerns in treating this condition are a risk of damage to the anal sphincters, which can compromise fecal continence, and refractoriness to treatment, as evidenced by a high recurrence rate. Furthermore, the treatment of complex anal fistula involves several additional challenges. Satisfactory solutions to many of these obstacles remain elusive, and no consensus has been established regarding the available treatment options. In summary, complex anal fistula has no established gold-standard treatment, and the quest for effective therapies continues. This review discusses and highlights groundbreaking advances in the management of complex anal fistula over the past decade.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Understanding the anatomical basis of anorectal fistulas and their surgical management: exploring different types for enhanced precision and safety
    Asim M. Almughamsi, Yasir Hassan Elhassan
    Surgery Today.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • From the Editor: Uniting expertise, a new era of global collaboration in coloproctology
    In Ja Park
    Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(4): 285.     CrossRef
  • Surgeon oriented reporting template for magnetic resonance imaging and endoanal ultrasound of anal fistulas enhances surgical decision-making
    Si-Ze Wu
    World Journal of Radiology.2024; 16(12): 712.     CrossRef
Original Articles
Anorectal benign disease
Garg scoring system to predict long-term healing in cryptoglandular anal fistulas: a prospective validation study
Sushil Dawka, Vipul D. Yagnik, Baljit Kaur, Geetha R. Menon, Pankaj Garg
Ann Coloproctol. 2024;40(5):490-497.   Published online October 11, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2022.00346.0049
  • 2,637 View
  • 107 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
Complex anal fistulas can recur after clinical healing, even after a long interval which leads to significant anxiety. Also, ascertaining the efficacy of any new treatment procedure becomes difficult and takes several years. We prospectively analyzed the validity of Garg scoring system (GSS) to predict long-term fistula healing.
Methods
In patients operated for cryptoglandular anal fistulas, magnetic resonance imaging was performed preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively to assess fistula healing. Scores as per the GSS were calculated for each patient at 3 months postoperatively and correlated with long-term healing to check the accuracy of the scoring system.
Results
Fifty-seven patients were enrolled, but 50 were finally included (7 were excluded). These 50 patients (age, 41.2±12.4 years; 46 men) were followed up for 12 to 20 months (median, 17 months). Forty-seven patients (94.0%) had complex fistulas, 28 (56.0%) had recurrent fistulas, 48 (96.0%) had multiple tracts, 20 (40.0%) had horseshoe tracts, 15 (32.0%) had associated abscesses, 5 (10.0%) were suprasphincteric, and 8 (16.0%) were supralevator fistulas. The GSS could accurately predict long-term healing (high positive predictive value, 31 of 31 [100%]) but was not very accurate in predicting nonhealing (negative predictive value, 15 of 19 [78.9%]). The sensitivity in predicting healing was 31 of 35 (88.6%).
Conclusion
GSS accurately predicts long-term fistula with a high positive predictive value (100%) but is less accurate in predicting nonhealing. This scoring system can help allay anxiety in patients and facilitate the early validation of innovative procedures for anal fistulas.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Recent Advances in the Understanding and Management of Anal Fistula from India
    Vipul D. Yagnik, Sandeep Kumar, Anshul Thakur, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Sushil Dawka, Pankaj Garg
    Indian Journal of Surgery.2024; 86(6): 1105.     CrossRef
  • Rectovaginal Fistulas Not Involving the Rectovaginal Septum Should Be Treated Like Anal Fistulas: A New Concept and Proposal for a Reclassification of Rectovaginal Fistulas
    Pankaj Garg, Laxmikant Ladukar, Vipul Yagnik, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Gurleen Kaur
    Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology.2024; Volume 17: 97.     CrossRef
  • Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of complex anal fistula
    Pankaj Garg, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Vipul D. Yagnik, G. Mahak
    Annals of Coloproctology.2024; 40(4): 321.     CrossRef
  • Predictors of outcome in cryptoglandular anal fistula according to magnetic resonance imaging: A systematic review
    Alireza Teymouri, Amir Keshvari, Ali Ashjaei, Seyed Mohsen Ahmadi Tafti, Faeze Salahshour, Faezeh Khorasanizadeh, Amirhosein Naseri
    Health Science Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Pankaj Garg: A Community Doctor to a Master Innovator to a Global Icon
    David N. Armstrong, Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska, Vincent de Parades, Francesco Litta, Manuel Limbert, Khaw C. W. James
    Global Journal of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Biomedical Update.2023; 18: 16.     CrossRef
Surgical management of retrorectal tumors: a single-center 12 years’ experience
Amirhosein Naseri, Behnam Behboudi, Ali Faryabi, Seyed Mohsen Ahmadi Tafti, Amirsina Sharifi, Mohammad Reza Keramati, Mohammad Sadegh Fazeli, Amir Keshvari, Mehdi Zeinalizadeh, Reza Akbari Asbagh, Niloufar Hoorshad, Alireza Kazemeini
Received April 26, 2022  Accepted June 23, 2022  Published online October 11, 2022  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2022.00297.0042    [Epub ahead of print]
  • 3,073 View
  • 82 Download
  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
Retrorectal tumors (RTs) are rare tumors that arise in the space between the mesorectum and the pelvic wall and often originate in embryonic tissues. The primary treatment for these tumors is complete excision surgery, and choosing the best surgical approach is very important.
Methods
In this study, we retrospectively collected the data of 15 patients with RTs who underwent surgery in Imam Khomeini Hospital (Tehran, Iran) for 12 years to share our experiences of patients’ treatment and compare different surgical approaches.
Results
A total of 5 tumors were malignant, 10 were benign, and most of the tumors were congenital. Malignant tumors were seen in older patients. Three surgical procedures were performed on patients. Three patients underwent abdominal approach surgery, and 8 patients underwent posterior surgery. A combined surgical approach was performed on 4 patients. Two patients underwent laparoscopic surgery. The abdominal approach had the least long-term complication, and the combined approach had the most complications; laparoscopic surgery reduced the length of hospital stay and complications after surgery.
Conclusion
A multidisciplinary team collaboration using magnetic resonance imaging details is necessary to determine a surgical treatment approach. It could reduce the need for a preoperative biopsy. However, every approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and individualized treatment is the key.

Citations

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  • Tailgut Cyst—Gynecologist’s Pitfall: Literature Review and Case Report
    Andrei Mihai Malutan, Viorela-Elena Suciu, Florin Laurentiu Ignat, Doru Diculescu, Razvan Ciortea, Emil-Claudiu Boțan, Carmen Elena Bucuri, Maria Patricia Roman, Ionel Nati, Cristina Ormindean, Dan Mihu
    Diagnostics.2025; 15(1): 108.     CrossRef
Benign proctology
Puborectalis Muscle Involvement on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Complex Fistula: A New Perspective on Diagnosis and Treatment
Hong Yoon Jeong, Seok Gyu Song, Woo Jung Nam, Jong Kyun Lee
Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(1):51-57.   Published online September 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2020.08.26.1
  • 3,677 View
  • 111 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
According to recent studies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of complex fistulas provides a significant benefit compared to fistulography, computed tomography, and ultrasonography. The aim of this study was to describe the accuracy of MRI and the importance of identifying puborectalis muscle involvement on MRI in patients with complex fistula.
Methods
All patients who were clinically diagnosed with ‘complex’ or showed multiple fistula tracts underwent fistula MRI. Eligible patients were consecutive patients who underwent fistula MRI between September 2018 and September 2019 at our hospital.
Results
A total of 83 patients (74 males, 9 females; 116 tracts) were included in this study. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in diagnosing fistula tracts were 94.8% and 98.2%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity in identifying internal opening were 93.9% and 97.3%, respectively. Of the 35 patients with puborectalis muscle involvement in the MRI, 31 images of suprasphincteric-type patients on the Park’s classification were classified. The patients of puborectalis involvement were divided into 2 groups according to the surgical procedure that was performed. There were 12 sphincter-saving procedures and 19 sphincter division procedures performed. Recurrence was seen in 2 patients in the sphincter-saving procedure group, while no case was seen in the sphincter division procedure group. Five complications were found in the sphincter division procedure group, of which 2 reported incontinence.
Conclusion
Fistula MRI is a highly accurate examination for evaluating complex fistulas, and the puborectalis muscle involvement findings are very important for diagnosis and treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Efficacy and safety of transanal opening of intersphincteric space in the treatment of high complex anal fistula: A meta‑analysis
    Chunqiang Wang, Tianye Huang, Xuebing Wang
    Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparison of loose combined cutting seton and traditional cutting seton for high anal fistula: a meta-analysis
    Yi SUN, Chunqiang WANG, Tianye HUANG, Xuebing WANG
    Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Guidelines to diagnose and treat peri-levator high-5 anal fistulas: Supralevator, suprasphincteric, extrasphincteric, high outersphincteric, and high intrarectal fistulas
    Pankaj Garg, Vipul D Yagnik, Sushil Dawka, Baljit Kaur, Geetha R Menon
    World Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 28(16): 1608.     CrossRef
  • What Does Puborectalis Muscle Involvement on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Indicate in Patients With Complex Anal Fistula?
    Sung Uk Bae
    Annals of Coloproctology.2021; 37(1): 3.     CrossRef
  • Anal fistula at roof of ischiorectal fossa inside levator-ani muscle (RIFIL): a new highly complex anal fistula diagnosed on MRI
    Pankaj Garg, Sushil Dawka, Vipul D. Yagnik, Baljit Kaur, Geetha R. Menon
    Abdominal Radiology.2021; 46(12): 5550.     CrossRef
Combination Assessment of Clinical Complete Response of Patients With Rectal Cancer Following Chemoradiotherapy With Endoscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Hye Mi Ko, Yo Han Choi, Jeong Eun Lee, Kyung Ha Lee, Ji Yeon Kim, Jin Soo Kim
Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35(4):202-208.   Published online August 31, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.10.15
  • 4,716 View
  • 165 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • 16 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
The response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for rectal cancer can be assessed using digital rectal examination, endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Precise assessment of clinical complete response (CR) after CRT is essential when deciding between optimizing surgery or organ-preserving treatment. The objectives of this study were to correlate the CR finding in endoscopy and MRI with pathologic CR and to determine the appropriate approach for combining endoscopy and MRI to predict the pathologic CR in patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant CRT.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 102 patients with rectal cancer who underwent endoscopy and MRI at 2–4 weeks after CRT. We assigned a confidence level (1–4) for the endoscopic and MRI assessments. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were analyzed based on the endoscopy, MRI, and combination method findings. Diagnostic modalities were compared using the likelihood ratios.
Results
Of 102 patients, 17 (16.7%) had a CR. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for the prediction CR of endoscopy with biopsy were 85.3%, 52.9%, and 91.8%, while those of MRI were 91.2%, 70.6%, and 95.3%, and those of combined endoscopy and MRI were 89.2%, 52.9%, and 96.5%, respectively. No significant differences were noted in the sensitivity and specificity of any each modality. The prediction rate for CR of the combination method was 92.6% after the posttest probability test.
Conclusion
Our study demonstrated that combining the interpretation of endoscopy with biopsy and MRI could provide a good prediction rate for CR in patients with rectal cancer after CRT.

Citations

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  • Assessing Endoscopic Response in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Treated with Total Neoadjuvant Therapy: Development and Validation of a Highly Accurate Convolutional Neural Network
    Hannah Williams, Hannah M. Thompson, Christina Lee, Aneesh Rangnekar, Jorge T. Gomez, Maria Widmar, Iris H. Wei, Emmanouil P. Pappou, Garrett M. Nash, Martin R. Weiser, Philip B. Paty, J. Joshua Smith, Harini Veeraraghavan, Julio Garcia-Aguilar
    Annals of Surgical Oncology.2024; 31(10): 6443.     CrossRef
  • Transanal endoscopic microsurgery after radiation or chemoradiation therapy for rectal cancer — peculiarities and results
    A А. Nevolskikh, A. R. Brodskiy, V. A. Avdeenko, T. P. Pochuev, Yu. Yu. Mihaleva, T. P. Berezovskaya, R. F. Zibirov, S. A. Myalina, I. A. Orehov, L. O. Petrov, S. A. Ivanov, A. D. Kaprin
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    Hannah Williams, Christina Lee, Julio Garcia-Aguilar
    Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diagnostic performance of MRI and endoscopy for assessing complete response in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a systematic review of the literature
    Nicolai Egholt Munk, Peter Bondeven, Bodil Ginnerup Pedersen
    Acta Radiologica.2023; 64(1): 20.     CrossRef
  • Correlation of Tumor Response Between Flexible Sigmoidoscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Retrospective Review
    Maria A. Rojas, Jose Cataneo, Marianne Gagnon-Konamna, Daniel J. Borsuk, Angela J. Jarzabek, Slawomir J. Marecik, John J. Park, Kunal Kochar
    The American Surgeon™.2023; 89(6): 2595.     CrossRef
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    Rutger C. H. Stijns, Jeroen Leijtens, Eelco de Graaf, Simon P. Bach, Geerard Beets, Andre J. A. Bremers, Regina G. H. Beets‐Tan, Johannes H. W. de Wilt
    Colorectal Disease.2023; 25(2): 211.     CrossRef
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    Anqi Wang, Jieli Zhou, Gang Wang, Beibei Zhang, Hongyi Xin, Haiyang Zhou
    Asian Journal of Surgery.2023; 46(9): 3568.     CrossRef
  • MRI Evaluation of Complete and Near-Complete Response after Neoadjuvant Therapy in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
    Anca-Raluca Popita, Cosmin Lisencu, Adriana Rusu, Cristian Popita, Calin Cainap, Alexandru Irimie, Liliana Resiga, Alina Munteanu, Zsolt Fekete, Radu Badea
    Diagnostics.2022; 12(4): 921.     CrossRef
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    In Ja Park
    Precision and Future Medicine.2022; 6(2): 91.     CrossRef
  • Early conformational changes at tumour bed and long term response after neoadjuvant therapy in locally-advanced rectal cancer
    Inês Santiago, Maria-João Barata, Nuno Figueiredo, Oriol Parés, Celso Matos
    European Journal of Radiology.2021; 140: 109742.     CrossRef
  • Improvement in the Assessment of Response to Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and a Multigene Biomarker
    Eunhae Cho, Sung Woo Jung, In Ja Park, Jong Keon Jang, Seong Ho Park, Seung-Mo Hong, Jong Lyul Lee, Chan Wook Kim, Yong Sik Yoon, Seok-Byung Lim, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim
    Cancers.2021; 13(14): 3480.     CrossRef
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    Kirsten L Gormly
    Korean Journal of Radiology.2021; 22(9): 1475.     CrossRef
  • Comparison between Local Excision and Radical Resection for the Treatment of Rectal Cancer in ypT0-1 Patients: An Analysis of the Clinicopathological Factors and Survival Rates
    Soo Young Oh, In Ja Park, Young IL Kim, Jong-Lyul Lee, Chan Wook Kim, Yong Sik Yoon, Seok-Byung Lim, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim
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  • MRI T2-weighted sequences-based texture analysis (TA) as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (nCRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC)
    Filippo Crimì, Giulia Capelli, Gaya Spolverato, Quoc Riccardo Bao, Anna Florio, Sebastiano Milite Rossi, Diego Cecchin, Laura Albertoni, Cristina Campi, Salvatore Pucciarelli, Roberto Stramare
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    Seong Ho Park, Seung Hyun Cho, Sang Hyun Choi, Jong Keon Jang, Min Ju Kim, Seung Ho Kim, Joon Seok Lim, Sung Kyoung Moon, Ji Hoon Park, Nieun Seo
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    Fernando López-Campos, Margarita Martín-Martín, Roberto Fornell-Pérez, Juan Carlos García-Pérez, Javier Die-Trill, Raquel Fuentes-Mateos, Sergio López-Durán, José Domínguez-Rullán, Reyes Ferreiro, Alejandro Riquelme-Oliveira, Asunción Hervás-Morón, Felipe
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Variation in the Height of Rectal Cancers According to the Diagnostic Modalities
Seung-Seop Yeom, In Ja Park, Dong-Hoon Yang, Jong Lyul Lee, Yong Sik Yoon, Chan Wook Kim, Seok-Byung Lim, Sung Ho Park, Hwa Jung Kim, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim
Ann Coloproctol. 2019;35(1):24-29.   Published online February 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2018.07.31
  • 5,011 View
  • 114 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 10 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Purpose
Although the height of a rectal tumor above the anal verge (tumor height) partly determines the treatment strategy, no practical standard exists for reporting this. We aimed to demonstrate the differences in tumor height according to the diagnostic modality used for its measurement.
Methods
We identified 100 patients with rectal cancers located within 15 cm of the anal verge who had recorded tumor heights measured by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), colonoscopy, and digital rectal examination (DRE). Tumor height measured by using MRI was compared with those measured by using DRE and colonoscopy to assess reporting inconsistencies. Factors associated with differences in tumor height among the modalities were also evaluated.
Results
The mean tumor heights were 77.8 ± 3.3, 52.9 ± 2.3, and 68.9 ± 3.1 mm when measured by using MRI, DRE, and colonoscopy, respectively (P < 0.001). Agreement among the 3 modalities in terms of tumor sublocation within the rectum was found in only 39% of the patients. In the univariate and the multivariate analyses, clinical stage showed a possible association with concordance among modalities, but age, sex, and luminal location of the tumor were not associated with differences among modalities.
Conclusion
The heights of rectal cancer differed according to the diagnostic modality. Tumor height has implications for rectal cancer’s surgical planning and for interpreting comparative studies. Hence, a consensus is needed for measuring and reporting tumor height.

Citations

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  • The efficacy of open transanal drainage tube against anastomotic leakage in left-sided colorectal cancer surgery: a propensity score matching study
    Gen Tsujio, Tatsunari Fukuoka, Atsushi Sugimoto, Ken Yonemitsu, Yuki Seki, Hiroaki Kasashima, Yuichiro Miki, Mami Yoshii, Tatsuro Tamura, Masatsune Shibutani, Takahiro Toyokawa, Shigeru Lee, Kiyoshi Maeda
    BMC Surgery.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effects of Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Oncologic Outcomes in Patients With Stage ⅡA Rectal Cancer Above the Peritoneal Reflection Who Did Not Undergo Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy
    Hyo Seon Ryu, Jong Lyul Lee, Chan Wook Kim, Yong Sik Yoon, In Ja Park, Seok-Byung Lim, Yong Sang Hong, Tae Won Kim, Chang Sik Yu
    Clinical Colorectal Cancer.2024; 23(4): 392.     CrossRef
  • Interrater Agreement of Height Assessment by Rigid Proctoscopy/ Rectoscopy for Rectal Carcinoma
    Matthias J. Kraemer, Sarkhan Nabiyev, Silvia E. Kraemer, Stephanie Schipmann
    Diseases of the Colon & Rectum.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jingnan Li, Hongwei Yao, Yun Lu, Shutian Zhang, Zhongtao Zhang
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    Elias Karam, Fabien Fredon, Yassine Eid, Olivier Muller, Marie Besson, Nicolas Michot, Urs Giger-Pabst, Arnaud Alves, Mehdi Ouaissi
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    David D. B. Bates, James L. Fuqua, Junting Zheng, Marinela Capanu, Jennifer S. Golia Pernicka, Sidra Javed-Tayyab, Viktoriya Paroder, Iva Petkovska, Marc J. Gollub
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Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Predicting TNM Staging and Circumferential Resection Margin Compared with Pathologic Assessment on Whole-mount Section in Rectal Cancer.
Kim, Young Wan , Kim, Nam Kyu , Min, Byung So , Pyo, Juyon , Kim, Hogeun , Cha, Seung Hwan , Kim, Myong Jin , Baik, Seung Heuk , Lee, Kang Young , Sohn, Seung Kook , Cho, Chang Hwan
J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 2006;22(6):402-410.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the preferred diagnostic tool for preoperative assessment of TNM staging and circumferential resection margin (CRM) in patients with rectal cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of preoperative MR imaging in the prediction of T, N stage and CRM compared with pathologic results on whole- mount sections.
METHODS
Thirty-five consecutive patients with rectal cancer were enrolled between Dec. 2005 and Apr. 2006. 1.5-T MR imaging, was performed, and pathologic results were investigated on whole-mount sections. The agreement between MR imaging and pathologic examination for the assessment of T, N stage and status of CRM were analyzed using kappa statistics.
RESULTS
The accuracy of MR imaging compared with pathologic assessment of T stage was 82.9% (kappa=0.56), and that of N stage was 74.3% (kappa= 0.31). Of the MR imaging planes, the oblique axial plane showed the most accurate prediction of CRM, regardless of tumor position within the circumference of the rectum. The accuracy of MR imaging in the oblique axial plane for predicting the CRM was 81.0% (kappa=0.62) in anterior and posterior rectal tumors and 71.4% (kappa=0.43) in laterally located rectal tumors. With a different CRM criteria for the measured distance in MR imaging, the accuracy of the 2-mm CRM criterion was 77.1% (kappa=0.53).
CONCLUSIONS
MR imaging in predicting T stage showed fair agreement according to kappa statistics. Of the MR imaging planes, the oblique axial plane provided the most accurate CRM information compared with pathologic examination. The actual measured distance of the CRM in MR imaging can be applied to the pathologic CRM.
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