1. Goligher JC, Duthie HL, Nixon HH. Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon. 3rd ed. Springfield (IL), Thomas; 1975.
2. Stewart DB Sr, Gaertner W, Glasgow S, Migaly J, Feingold D, Steele SR. Clinical practice guideline for the management of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum 2017;60:7–14.
5. Nielsen MB, Rasmussen OO, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Risk of sphincter damage and anal incontinence after anal dilatation for fissure-in-ano: an endosonographic study. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:677–80.
7. Nelson RL, Manuel D, Gumienny C, Spencer B, Patel K, Schmitt K, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the treatment of anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol 2017;21:605–25.
8. Ebinger SM, Hardt J, Warschkow R, Schmied BM, Herold A, Post S, et al. Operative and medical treatment of chronic anal fissuresa review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Gastroenterol 2017;52:663–76.
9. Gordon PH, Vasilevsky CA. Symposium on outpatient anorectal procedures: lateral internal sphincterotomy: rationale, technique and anesthesia. Can J Surg 1985;28:228–30.
10. Walker WA, Rothenberger DA, Goldberg SM. Morbidity of internal sphincterotomy for anal fissure and stenosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1985;28:832–5.
11. Yucel T, Gonullu D, Oncu M, Koksoy FN, Ozkan SG, Aycan O. Comparison of controlled-intermittent anal dilatation and lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissures: a prospective, randomized study. Int J Surg 2009;7:228–31.
12. Walfisch S, Silberstein E. Balloon anal dilatation for anal fissure. Tech Coloproctol 1998;2:73–5.
13. Sohn N, Eisenberg MM, Weinstein MA, Lugo RN, Ader J. Precise anorectal sphincter dilatation: its role in the therapy of anal fissures. Dis Colon Rectum 1992;35:322–7.
14. Renzi A, Izzo D, Di Sarno G, Talento P, Torelli F, Izzo G, et al. Clinical, manometric, and ultrasonographic results of pneumatic balloon dilatation vs. lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2008;51:121–7.
15. Gaj F, Biviano I, Candeloro L. Low energy manual anal stretch: an approach in the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Minerva Chir 2017;72:103–7.
16. Boschetto S, Giovannone M, Tosoni M, Barberani F. Hydropneumatic anal dilation in conservative treatment of chronic anal fissure: clinical outcomes and randomized comparison with topical nitroglycerin. Tech Coloproctol 2004;8:89–92.
17. Renzi A, Brusciano L, Pescatori M, Izzo D, Napolitano V, Rossetti G, et al. Pneumatic balloon dilatation for chronic anal fissure: a prospective, clinical, endosonographic, and manometric study. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48:121–6.
18. Mora López L, Serra Aracil X, Hermoso Bosch J, Rebasa P, Navarro Soto S. Study of anorectal function after transanal endoscopic surgery. Int J Surg 2015;13:142–7.
19. Hompes R, Ashraf SQ, Gosselink MP, van Dongen KW, Mortensen NJ, Lindsey I, et al. Evaluation of quality of life and function at 1 year after transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Colorectal Dis 2015;17:O54–61.
20. Macmillan AK, Merrie AE, Marshall RJ, Parry BR. The prevalence of fecal incontinence in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:1341–9.
21. Pretlove SJ, Radley S, Toozs-Hobson PM, Thompson PJ, Coomarasamy A, Khan KS. Prevalence of anal incontinence according to age and gender: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2006;17:407–17.
22. Nelson R, Norton N, Cautley E, Furner S. Community-based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA 1995;274:559–61.
24. Walter S, Hallböök O, Gotthard R, Bergmark M, Sjödahl R. A population-based study on bowel habits in a Swedish community: prevalence of faecal incontinence and constipation. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:911–6.
25. Melville JL, Fan MY, Newton K, Fenner D. Fecal incontinence in US women: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:2071–6.
26. Aitola P, Lehto K, Fonsell R, Huhtala H. Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 30 years or more in general population. Colorectal Dis 2010;12:687–91.
27. Usatoff V, Polglase AL. The longer term results of internal anal sphincterotomy for anal fissure. Aust N Z J Surg 1995;65:576–8.
28. Ortiz H, Marzo J, Armendariz P, De Miguel M. Quality of life assessment in patients with chronic anal fissure after lateral internal sphincterotomy. Br J Surg 2005;92:881–5.
29. Menteş BB, Tezcaner T, Yilmaz U, Leventoğlu S, Oguz M. Results of lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure with particular reference to quality of life. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:1045–51.
30. Kiyak G, Korukluoğlu B, Kuşdemir A, Sişman IC, Ergül E. Results of lateral internal sphincterotomy with open technique for chronic anal fissure: evaluation of complications, symptom relief, and incontinence with long-term follow-up. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:2220–4.