Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer

Taeyeong Eom; Yujin Lee; Jungbin Kim; Inseok Park; Geumhee Gwak; Hyunjin Cho; Keunho Yang; Kiwhan Kim; Byung-Noe Bae

doi:10.3393/ac.2020.00759.0108

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Original Article Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer: Taeyeong Eom, Yujin Lee, Jungbin Kim, Inseok Park, Geumhee Gwak, Hyunjin Cho, Keunho Yang, Kiwhan Kim, Byung-Noe Bae; Annals of Coloproctology 2021;37(4):259-265.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2020.00759.0108
Published online: June 24, 2021

Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Byung-Noe Bae, M.D. Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, 1342 Dongil-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01757, Korea Tel: +82-2-950-1017, Fax: +82-2-933-9389 E-mail: bnbae@paik.ac.kr

• Received: August 31, 2020 • Revised: November 26, 2020 • Accepted: November 27, 2020

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
ARTICLE INFORMATION
REFERENCES

This article has been corrected. See "Erratum to “Prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival and overall survival in T4 colon cancer”" in Volume 39 on page 444.

Abstract

Purpose
It is known that as the T stage of a carcinoma progresses, the prognosis becomes poorer. However, there are few studies about factors that affect the prognosis of T4 advanced colon cancer. This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in T4 colon cancer.
Methods
Patients diagnosed with stage T4 on histopathology after undergoing curative surgery for colon cancer between March 2009 and March 2018 were retrospectively analyzed for factors related to postoperative survival. Primary outcomes were DFS and OS.
Results
Eighty-two patients were included in the study. DFS and OS of the pathologic (p) T4b group were not inferior to that of the pT4a group. Multivariate analysis showed that differentiation (hazard ratio [HR], 4.994; P = 0.005), and laparoscopic surgery (HR, 0.323; P = 0.008) were significant prognostic factors for DFS, while differentiation (HR, 7.904; P ≤ 0.001) and chemotherapy (HR, 0.344; P = 0.038) were significant prognostic factors for OS.
Conclusion
Tumor differentiation, laparoscopic surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy were found to be significant prognostic factors in patients with T4 colon cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy and curative resections by laparoscopy might improve the prognosis in these patients.
Keywords: Colorectal neoplasms; Prognosis; Laparoscopy; Adjuvant chemotherapy

INTRODUCTION

Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer worldwide [1], and the third most common cancer in Korea. In Korea, 25,330 people were newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer in 2019. The number of people who died from colorectal cancer in 2019 accounted for 10.5% of all deaths from cancer [2].

According to the TNM classification of cancers in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) cancer manual, the T4 stage of colorectal cancer indicates that the tumor has invaded the visceral peritoneum (T4a) or adjacent organs (T4b) [3]. In patients with colorectal cancer, the higher T stages are associated with poorer prognoses, such as increased rates of recurrence and decreased rates of survival [4-6]. A study found that the 5-year survival rate for node-negative colorectal cancer was 92.5% for stage I (T1N0M0 or T2N0M0), 83.6% for stage IIA (T3N0M0), 76.3% for stage IIB (T4aN0M0), and 58.8% for stage IIC (T4bN0M0) [4]. This decline in survival rates highlights the need to determine the prognostic factors affecting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with T4 colorectal cancer. This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors associated with DFS and OS in patients with T4 colon cancer.

METHODS

Patient selection

Between March 2009 and March 2018, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital admitted 161 patients who underwent radical surgery for primary colorectal cancer, adherent to the adjacent organs or structures. Data collected from the hospital database, medical records, and the National Cancer Center database were analyzed retrospectively. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital (No. 2020-08-004). The IRB waived the need for informed consent for this retrospective chart review.

The inclusion criterion for this study was a pathological confirmation of T4 colon cancer for which curative resection surgery was performed (the TNM staging was based on the 8th edition AJCC cancer staging manual). The exclusion criteria were patients with rectal cancer, inadequate electronic records, recurrent colorectal cancer, positive surgical margins, distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, any other cancers, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, follow-up duration of 1 year or less after resection, and those with 30-day mortality after resection. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 82 patients with T4 colon cancer were included in the study.

Data collection and outcome measures

The data collected included the age, sex, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, location of the tumor, pathologic and histological features, tumor size, TNM stage, levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), surgical technique, adjuvant chemotherapy regimens, recurrence, length of follow-up after resection, and mortality. Patients in whom the curative resection surgery was performed using the laparoscopic technique, were defined as the ‘laparoscopic’ group. Patients who were converted from the laparoscopic technique to the open technique were assigned to the ‘open’ group. ‘Right colon’ group was defined as cases in which the tumors were located from the cecum to the splenic flexure, and the ‘left colon’ group comprised patients in whom the tumors were located from the descending colon to the sigmoid colon. Patients who received more than 50% of the planned cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy were defined as the ‘chemotherapy’ group. Patients who received chemotherapy for 6 or more cycles per the modified FOLFOX (folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin) regimen, or received 4 or more cycles of capecitabine only or Xelox (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) regimen were in the chemotherapy group. The outcome measures were DFS and OS.

Statistical analysis

The categorical variables are reported as counts (percentages), while age, tumor size, and CEA level are reported as means ± standard deviations. The statistical significance of any differences between the groups was evaluated using the chi-square test. Time‐to‐event analyses were performed for DFS and OS, and Kaplan-Meier estimates were plotted. Univariate Cox regression analyses were used to assess the variables that were the candidate predictors for DFS and OS. Factors with P < 0.1 on univariate analyses were entered into multivariate analyses using the Cox model. Hazard ratios (HRs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The software used for the analysis was IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

The mean age of the study group was 67.8 ± 13.1 years. Forty-seven subjects (57.3%) were men. There were no statistical differences in age, Charlson comorbidity index, and nodal status between the T4a and T4b groups. The number of patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery was 52. Four patients who were taken up for laparoscopic surgery initially were converted to open surgery. After the curative-intent surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 68 patients (82.9%). Other patients’ characteristics according to the T stage are presented in Table 1.

Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that DFS and OS of the T4b group were not inferior to those of the T4a group (Fig. 1). Comparing patients in the T4a and T4b groups who received adjuvant chemotherapy, the results were similar (Fig. 2). Differentiation (HR, 0.499; P = 0.005) and surgical technique (HR, 0.323; P = 0.008) were independent prognostic factors for DFS in the univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis (Table 2).

The univariate Cox regression for OS was significant for the following variables: location of cancer, differentiation, surgical technique, and adjuvant chemotherapy. After the multivariate Cox analysis, differentiation (HR, 7.904; P< 0.001) and chemotherapy (HR, 0.344; P= 0.038) remained as significant prognostic factors (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

Before modification of the T4 stage in the AJCC 7th edition, the peritoneal invasion was considered to have a poor prognosis. However, later studies have also shown that peritoneal invasion had a 10% to 20% higher survival rate over that of adjacent organ invasion [7, 8]. These findings led to the modification of the T4 stage in the AJCC 7th edition. After this modification, further studies found that T4a colon cancer had a poorer prognosis compared to T4b colon cancer. Baguena et al. [9] found that the T4a stage had poorer oncologic outcomes compared to those of the T4b stage. This could be attributed to the resection of T4b tumors en bloc, without any cancer cells spreading into the peritoneal cavity, whereas with T4a tumors this might not be possible [9, 10]. Although the current study assumed that the different stages of T4 affect the long-term outcomes, no significant differences in DFS and OS with respect to this parameter were found.

Some studies have reported that patients with T4 colon cancer who underwent laparoscopic surgery had lesser blood loss compared to the amount of blood lost during open surgery of similar duration. In addition, the laparoscopic group had a faster postoperative recovery and the survival outcomes were equivalent to those of the open group [6, 11, 12]. In the current study, while the comparison of the open and the laparoscopic groups showed no statistically significant differences in age, tumor size, T4 stage, tumor location, and differentiation, those who underwent laparoscopic surgery showed a better prognosis for DFS. Some studies explain the benefit of laparoscopy as being a consequence of the surgical stress response, impaired immune responses, cytokine release, and intraoperative tumor manipulation associated with open surgery. Surgical response after colon surgery impairs immunity [13, 14], and the suppressed immune system after surgery can increase the spread of the tumor [15]. Whelan et al. [16] observed that postoperative cellular immune function is well preserved with a laparoscopic approach. It has also been reported that the non-touch technique results in a lower rate of detection of the tumor cells in the draining vein and portal venous system [17, 18]. Therefore, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of controlling the spread of the tumor and promoting long-term survival [16-19]. For patients in the current study, the condition of the patients or the severity of the disease might have influenced the surgeon’s decision when selecting the surgical method. Thus, due to the retrospective design of the study, this selection bias might have led to a favorable prognosis for the laparoscopic group.

Klaver et al. [20] concluded while that laparoscopic surgery for T4a colon cancer might be safe, it is not appropriate for T4b colon cancer. They explained that it was difficult to perform microscopically margin-negative resections in patients with T4b colon cancer because the tumor has invaded the adjacent organs. However, research has shown that a multivisceral resection can be performed to achieve a clear resection margin. This can be beneficial for long-term survival in locally advanced primary colon cancer [21]. In this study, patients who underwent curative resection for both, T4a and T4b colon cancer, were included. This might be the reason for no statistically significant difference in the prognosis between T4a and T4b colon cancer. Therefore, the prognosis for T4b colon cancer might improve, if curative resections are performed in these patients.

While studies have shown that the location of the tumor affects the long-term outcome of cancer, there is no definitive conclusion about which location has a poor prognosis. Some studies have observed that the right-sided colon cancers have a poorer prognosis than those on the left side. They explained that this was due to genetic differences, more advanced staging, and fewer curative resections [22-24]. In contrast, a study by Warschkow et al. [25] found that the prognosis for localized right-sided colon cancer is better than that for left-sided colon cancer. In the current study, there were no significant differences between cancers in the right colon and left colon with respect to DFS and OS. Analysis of the prognosis, including margin-negative rectal cancer, showed that rectal cancer had a poorer prognosis compared to that of colon cancer. Li et al. [26] reported that the site of the tumor played an important role, for example, the rectum had a poorer prognosis than the colon. They also reported that colon cancer and rectal cancer are different diseases because of the embryological, morphological, and biological differences between the 2 sites. When comparing colon and rectal cancer, there are also differences such as concurrent chemoradiotherapy before surgery or radiotherapy after surgery. Considering these differences, our study excluded rectal cancer.

While the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced colon cancer are well known, there are not many studies on the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy on the prognosis of T4 colon cancer. Macari et al. [5] analyzed the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the survival of patients with T4 colon cancer; however, the results for both DFS and OS were not significant. In the current study, while there was no significant relationship between adjuvant chemotherapy and DFS, the multivariate analysis indicated that adjuvant chemotherapy had a significant benefit for OS. Furthermore, the group of patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (81.2% in the T4a group and 92.3% in the T4b group) showed no statistical differences between the OS.

The limitations of this study are that it was a single-center, retrospective study. In addition, the cases were not randomly selected and the distribution between T4a and T4b was unequal. The number of patients in the T4b group was small; hence, no statistically significant independent prognostic factors could be identified in the T4b group. Furthermore, the cause of mortality during the research period was unknown and the OS was not verified as cancer-specific survival. Despite these limitations, due to which the results cannot be generalized, the results of this study indicate the prognostic factors affecting DFS and OS in T4 colon cancer and add to the body of evidence in this area.

In conclusion, when en bloc resection was performed, the prognosis of T4b colon cancer was not inferior to that of T4a colon cancer. Differentiation, surgical technique, and adjuvant chemotherapy were found as prognostic factors in patients with T4 colon cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy along with curative resections by laparoscopy might improve the prognosis in these patients.

ARTICLE INFORMATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

CORRECTION

This article was corrected on October 31, 2023, to fix errors in Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 1.

Disease-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves comparing the groups with pathologic (p) T4a and pT4b colon cancer.

Fig. 2.

Disease-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves comparing patients with pathologic (p) T4a and pT4b colon cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, we compared the disease-free survival and overall survival between patients in the pT4a and pT4b groups.

Table 1.

Demographic features of T4 colon cancer

Variable	Total	Stage		P-value
Variable	Total	T4a	T4b	P-value
No. of patients	82	69	13
Age (yr)	67.8 ± 13.1	68.0 ± 12.8	66.9 ± 14.8	0.778
Sex				0.008
Male	47 (57.3)	44 (63.8)	3 (23.1)
Female	35 (42.7)	25 (36.2)	10 (76.9)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.0 ± 3.2	23.1 ± 3.3	22.2 ± 2.6	0.329
CCI				0.492
≥4	35 (42.7)	30 (43.5)	5 (38.5)
<4	47 (57.3)	39 (56.5)	8 (61.5)
Location of tumor				0.062
Right	51 (62.2)	40 (58.0)	11 (84.6)
Left	31 (37.8)	29 (42.0)	2 (15.4)
Differentiation				0.059
Well	3 (3.7)	1 (1.4)	2 (15.4)
Moderate	72 (87.8)	62 (89.9)	10 (76.9)
Poorly	3 (3.7)	2 (2.9)	1 (7.7)
Others^a	4 (4.9)	4 (5.8)	0 (0)
Tumor size (cm)	6.0 ± 1.9	6.0 ± 1.9	6.0 ± 2.1	0.974
N stage				0.193
0	32 (39.0)	24 (34.8)	8 (61.5)
1	30 (36.6)	27 (39.1)	3 (23.1)
2	20 (24.4)	18 (26.1)	2 (15.4)
Invasion
Lymphatic	72 (87.8)	59 (85.5)	13 (100)	0.159
Vascular	41 (50.0)	35 (50.7)	6 (46.2)	0.500
Perineural	24 (29.3)	19 (27.5)	5 (38.5)	0.314
CEA (ng/mL)	21.3 ± 58.8	11.7 ± 28.8	60.2 ± 117.5	0.003
Operative technique				0.044
Open	30 (36.6)	22 (31.9)	8 (61.5)
Laparoscopic	52 (63.4)	47 (68.1)	5 (38.5)
Adjuvant chemotherapy	68 (82.9)	56 (81.2)	12 (92.3)	0.299
Recurrence	23 (28.0)	20 (29.0)	3 (23.1)	0.475
Local	4 (4.9)	4 (5.8)	0 (0)	0.494
Distant	21 (25.6)	18 (26.1)	3 (23.1)	0.562
Expire	27 (32.9)	23 (33.3)	4 (30.8)	0.566

Values are presented as number only, mean±standard deviation, or number (%).

CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

^aMucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for predictors of disease-free survival (DFS) in T4 colon cancer

Variable	DFS
	Univariate			Multivariate
	HR	95% CI	P-value	HR	95% CI	P-value
Male sex	1.459	0.618–3.444	0.389
Age	0.995	0.966–1.025	0.737
Body mass index	1.012	0.890–1.150	0.861
CCI, < 4	0.642	0.278–1.482	0.299
Tumor location			0.897
Right	1.000
Left	1.057	0.460–2.429
Differentiation			0.006			0.005
WD, MD	1.000			1.000
PD, others^a	4.730	1.555–14.386		4.994	1.610–15.489
Size	0.929	0.747–1.156	0.510
T stage			0.058
pT4a	1.000
pT4b	0.383	0.142–1.034
Positive node	0.860	0.006–0.006	0.808
Invasion
Lymphatic	1.793	0.703–4.577	0.222
Vascular	3.752	0.503–27.969	0.197
Perineural	1.578	0.686–3.630	0.283
CEA	0.992	0.971–1.014	0.491
Laparoscopic	0.332	0.144–0.762	0.009	0.323	0.140–0.747	0.008
Adjuvant chemotherapy	1.425	0.329–6.169	0.635

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; WD, well differentiated; MD, moderate differentiated; PD, poorly differentiated; p, pathologic; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

^aMucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for predictors of overall survival (OS) in T4 colon cancer

Variable	OS
	Univariate			Multivariate
	HR	95% CI	P-value	HR	95% CI	P-value
Male sex	1.175	0.544–2.538	0.682
Age	1.004	0.974–1.036	0.778
Body mass index	1.106	0.977–1.251	0.112
CCI, < 4	1.109	0.514–2.393	0.792
Tumor location			0.024			0.289
Right	1.000			1.000
Left	0.346	0.138–0.869		0.583	0.215–1.582
Differentiation			< 0.001			< 0.001
WD, MD	1.000			1.000
PD, others^a	6.924	2.704–17.726		7.904	2.827–22.101
Size	0.859	0.703–1.048	0.134
T stage			0.883
pT4a	1.000
pT4b	0.923	0.319–2.675
Positive nodes	1.203	0.550–2.632	0.643
Invasion
Lymphatic	1.248	0.374–4.156	0.719
Vascular	0.787	0.367–1.688	0.539
Perineural	1.566	0.714–3.436	0.263
CEA	0.999	0.984–1.013	0.841
Laparoscopic	0.421	0.197–0.900	0.026	0.550	0.253–1.196	0.132
Adjuvant chemotherapy	0.354	0.146–0.857	0.021	0.344	0.125–0.944	0.038

^aMucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

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Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer

Ann Coloproctol. 2021;37(4):259-265. Published online June 24, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2020.00759.0108

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Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer

Fig. 1. Disease-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves comparing the groups with pathologic (p) T4a and pT4b colon cancer.

Fig. 2. Disease-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves comparing patients with pathologic (p) T4a and pT4b colon cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy. Using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, we compared the disease-free survival and overall survival between patients in the pT4a and pT4b groups.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival and Overall Survival in T4 Colon Cancer

Variable	Total	Stage		P-value
Variable	Total	T4a	T4b	P-value
No. of patients	82	69	13
Age (yr)	67.8 ± 13.1	68.0 ± 12.8	66.9 ± 14.8	0.778
Sex				0.008
Male	47 (57.3)	44 (63.8)	3 (23.1)
Female	35 (42.7)	25 (36.2)	10 (76.9)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.0 ± 3.2	23.1 ± 3.3	22.2 ± 2.6	0.329
CCI				0.492
≥4	35 (42.7)	30 (43.5)	5 (38.5)
<4	47 (57.3)	39 (56.5)	8 (61.5)
Location of tumor				0.062
Right	51 (62.2)	40 (58.0)	11 (84.6)
Left	31 (37.8)	29 (42.0)	2 (15.4)
Differentiation				0.059
Well	3 (3.7)	1 (1.4)	2 (15.4)
Moderate	72 (87.8)	62 (89.9)	10 (76.9)
Poorly	3 (3.7)	2 (2.9)	1 (7.7)
Others^a	4 (4.9)	4 (5.8)	0 (0)
Tumor size (cm)	6.0 ± 1.9	6.0 ± 1.9	6.0 ± 2.1	0.974
N stage				0.193
0	32 (39.0)	24 (34.8)	8 (61.5)
1	30 (36.6)	27 (39.1)	3 (23.1)
2	20 (24.4)	18 (26.1)	2 (15.4)
Invasion
Lymphatic	72 (87.8)	59 (85.5)	13 (100)	0.159
Vascular	41 (50.0)	35 (50.7)	6 (46.2)	0.500
Perineural	24 (29.3)	19 (27.5)	5 (38.5)	0.314
CEA (ng/mL)	21.3 ± 58.8	11.7 ± 28.8	60.2 ± 117.5	0.003
Operative technique				0.044
Open	30 (36.6)	22 (31.9)	8 (61.5)
Laparoscopic	52 (63.4)	47 (68.1)	5 (38.5)
Adjuvant chemotherapy	68 (82.9)	56 (81.2)	12 (92.3)	0.299
Recurrence	23 (28.0)	20 (29.0)	3 (23.1)	0.475
Local	4 (4.9)	4 (5.8)	0 (0)	0.494
Distant	21 (25.6)	18 (26.1)	3 (23.1)	0.562
Expire	27 (32.9)	23 (33.3)	4 (30.8)	0.566

Variable	DFS
	Univariate			Multivariate
	HR	95% CI	P-value	HR	95% CI	P-value
Male sex	1.459	0.618–3.444	0.389
Age	0.995	0.966–1.025	0.737
Body mass index	1.012	0.890–1.150	0.861
CCI, < 4	0.642	0.278–1.482	0.299
Tumor location			0.897
Right	1.000
Left	1.057	0.460–2.429
Differentiation			0.006			0.005
WD, MD	1.000			1.000
PD, others^a	4.730	1.555–14.386		4.994	1.610–15.489
Size	0.929	0.747–1.156	0.510
T stage			0.058
pT4a	1.000
pT4b	0.383	0.142–1.034
Positive node	0.860	0.006–0.006	0.808
Invasion
Lymphatic	1.793	0.703–4.577	0.222
Vascular	3.752	0.503–27.969	0.197
Perineural	1.578	0.686–3.630	0.283
CEA	0.992	0.971–1.014	0.491
Laparoscopic	0.332	0.144–0.762	0.009	0.323	0.140–0.747	0.008
Adjuvant chemotherapy	1.425	0.329–6.169	0.635

Variable	OS
	Univariate			Multivariate
	HR	95% CI	P-value	HR	95% CI	P-value
Male sex	1.175	0.544–2.538	0.682
Age	1.004	0.974–1.036	0.778
Body mass index	1.106	0.977–1.251	0.112
CCI, < 4	1.109	0.514–2.393	0.792
Tumor location			0.024			0.289
Right	1.000			1.000
Left	0.346	0.138–0.869		0.583	0.215–1.582
Differentiation			< 0.001			< 0.001
WD, MD	1.000			1.000
PD, others^a	6.924	2.704–17.726		7.904	2.827–22.101
Size	0.859	0.703–1.048	0.134
T stage			0.883
pT4a	1.000
pT4b	0.923	0.319–2.675
Positive nodes	1.203	0.550–2.632	0.643
Invasion
Lymphatic	1.248	0.374–4.156	0.719
Vascular	0.787	0.367–1.688	0.539
Perineural	1.566	0.714–3.436	0.263
CEA	0.999	0.984–1.013	0.841
Laparoscopic	0.421	0.197–0.900	0.026	0.550	0.253–1.196	0.132
Adjuvant chemotherapy	0.354	0.146–0.857	0.021	0.344	0.125–0.944	0.038

Table 1. Demographic features of T4 colon cancer

Values are presented as number only, mean±standard deviation, or number (%).

CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.

Mucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

Table 2. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for predictors of disease-free survival (DFS) in T4 colon cancer

Mucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for predictors of overall survival (OS) in T4 colon cancer

Mucinous carcinoma and signet ring cell.