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Case Report
 Recurrent bleeding after posthemorrhoidectomy caused by factor V deficiency: a case report and review of the literature
Jun Seong Chungorcid, Han Deok Kwakorcid, Jae Kyun Juorcid
Annals of Coloproctology 2022;38(6):449-452.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00185.0026
Published online: July 27, 2021

Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea

Correspondence to: Jae Kyun Ju, M.D. Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: +82-62-220-6456, Fax: +82-62-227-1635 E-mail: jkju@jnu.ac.kr
• Received: March 11, 2021   • Revised: May 20, 2021   • Accepted: May 20, 2021

Copyright © 2021 The Korean Society of Coloproctology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Congenital factor V (FV) deficiency is a rare hemorrhagic disorder that can cause excessive bleeding during and after surgery in the affected patient. This report is the case of a patient who had FV deficiency with recurrent posthemorrhoidectomy bleeding treated with the hemostatic procedure and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions. A 45-year-old male patient had previously undergone hemorrhoidectomy for multiple hemorrhoids at a local hospital. Hemorrhoidectomy was successful; however, he was transferred to our hospital for evaluation of the origin of the recurrent posthemorrhoidectomy bleeding and underwent a hemostatic procedure. This bleeding was treated with coagulation using electrocautery, multiple sutures, and FFP transfusion (1,600 mL/day) for 7 consecutive days. The patient’s plasma FV activity was 23%. Early detection of clotting factor deficiency in patients with hemorrhagic events after surgical treatments may prevent unnecessary procedures such as reoperations and minimize the cost of replacement therapy such as large-volume FFP transfusion.
  • Keywords: Factor V deficiency; Blood transfusion; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage; Hemorrhoidectomy; Postoperative hemorrhage
Activated human coagulation factor V (FV) is an essential nonenzymatic cofactor of the prothrombinase complex, which accelerates the activation of prothrombin to thrombin [1]. Congenital FV deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive coagulation disorder caused by a homozygotic or heterozygotic mutation of the FV gene. The prevalence of FV deficiency in the general population is approximately 1 in 1,000,000 individuals. Symptomatic FV-deficient patients have less FV activity than asymptomatic FV-deficient patients [2, 3]. FV deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder with variable bleeding manifestations that do not necessarily correlate with the FV activity level [4]. However, posttraumatic, surgical, and delivery bleeding are common in severe FV deficiency cases. The treatment of bleeding episodes is generally based on factor replacement through fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusions with adjunctive pharmacological therapy [5]. Here, we have described a case of a patient with FV deficiency and recurrent posthemorrhoidectomy bleeding who was treated with a hemostatic procedure and FFP transfusions.
This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chonnam National University Hospital (CNUH-2020-075). Written informed consent was waived by IRB.
A 45-year-old male patient was admitted to a hospital for the surgical treatment of multiple hemorrhoids. This patient was a nonsmoker. He does not have any medical, personal, and family history such as a genetic disorder. Hemorrhoidectomy was performed under regional anesthesia. The surgeon identified the hemorrhoids located at the 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock positions, pulled them through the anus, and removed the hemorrhoid tissues using a scalpel and electrocautery. The hemorrhoidectomy sites were sutured. However, severe hematochezia occurred at the hemorrhoidectomy sites. The preoperative coagulation profile test showed a mild prolonged prothrombin time (PT) of 16.1 seconds (normal range, 9.8–13.0 seconds) and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 49.7 seconds (normal range, 26.5–41.0 seconds) at local hospital. On postoperative day 4 after the first operation, the coagulation profile test showed further increase in PT (16.3 seconds), aPTT (50.4 seconds), and bleeding time (5 minutes; normal range, ≤ 3 minutes). He underwent suture hemostasis 3 times for bleeding control over 5 days. Subsequently, he was transferred to our hospital for evaluation of the origin of the recurrent posthemorrhoidectomy bleeding and underwent a hemostatic procedure. Vitamin K and tranexamic acid were administered intravenously at admission. Two days after admission, he presented with massive hematochezia at the previous hemorrhoidectomy sites, which was treated with coagulation using electrocautery, multiple sutures, and FFP transfusion (1,600 mL/day) for 7 consecutive days. Four days after admission, the hematochezia persisted and he experienced cold sweat and dizziness. His hemoglobin level decreased from 10.7 to 7.6 g/dL. He was intensively transfused with packed red blood cells (1,440 mL/day). After 2 weeks of the hemorrhagic event, he did not experience any major bleeding. His laboratory findings and hospital course are summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 1. This analysis revealed FV deficiency (plasma FV activity, 23%).
Test for genes associated with FV deficiency was not performed because this patient was lost to follow up. The patient had a mother and 3 sisters who reported no bleeding tendency. However, he had a history of intraoperative bleeding during strabismus surgery in his childhood. The patient was relatively young, and he had no medical history of liver disease, autoimmune disease, vital threatened surgery, certain medications, or malignant cancer.
FV deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder that can be dangerous of variable bleeding tendency irrespective of the FV activity level. The normal range of plasma FV activity is 76% to 126% [6]; however, our patient had an FV activity of 23%. A literature review revealed that only 10 cases of FV deficiency have been reported thus far in Republic of Korea (Table 2) [7-13]. The age of 10 patients ranged from 1 month to 73 years. Male was slightly predominant (male:female=6:4). The median of PT and aPTT were 31.3 and 110 seconds, respectively. Most of the patients presented with bleeding symptoms (90%) and moderate FV deficiency (70%). FV activity levels ranged from < 1% to 16% and all patients were treated mainly with FFP transfusions. A plasma FV activity of 20% to 25% is required for effective replacement, with a threshold of 15% [4, 14]. It is important to control acute hemorrhagic events by attempting to transfuse FFP for the treatment of FV deficiency. Even in case of gastrointestinal bleeding, after initial stabilization, source control is more likely to resolve the bleeding than exclusive hemorrhagic management. Likewise, suture hemostasis and FFP transfusion were also performed in this case to diminish the frequency and severity of the hemorrhagic episode. Although our patient did not have severe FV-deficiency state, he experienced recurrent and intractable posthemorrhoidectomy bleeding. Our study suggests that the bleeding phenotype can be severe in a FV-deficient patient, even in the presence of low plasma FV levels.
Because the prevalence of FV deficiency is very rare, it is difficult to perform coagulation factor assays in all patients before surgery. However, we would like to suggest situations where additional coagulation factor assays should be performed.
In general, all surgical patients undergo blood tests including PT and aPTT as routine preoperative test. When prolongation of PT or aPTT is observed and there is no specific finding in medical history, such as liver disease, anticoagulation therapy, genetic hemostatic disorder, other medications, performing the coagulation factor assay will be necessary to prevent serious bleeding or abnormal bleeding after surgery and to promptly treat it properly.
Accurate history taking of the patient’s medication, surgery, and family history must precede the implementation. In addition, if abnormal findings are observed in the coagulation factor assay, if possible, a genetic test can be performed to distinguish whether it is an acquired or inherited disease, for appropriate treatment.
FV deficiency in Republic of Korea might be ignored because of a lack of understanding; however, there could be more cases of minor unexplained bleeding episodes. Therefore, early detection of clotting factor deficiency in the patient who presented with hemorrhagic events after surgical treatments may prevent unnecessary procedures such as reoperations and minimize the cost of replacement therapy such as large-volume FFP transfusions.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

FUNDING

None.

Fig. 1.
Hospital course of the patient according to the transfusion. PT, prothrombin time; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; FV, factor V; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; RBC, red blood cell.
ac-2021-00185-0026f1.jpg
Table 1.
Laboratory findings including coagulation parameters in this patient
Parameter Result Reference range
PT (sec) 14.9 9.8–13.0
aPTT (sec) 49.0 26.5–41.0
PT mixing test 11.6
Incubated PT mixing test 13.1
aPTT mixing test 36.9
Incubated aPTT mixing test 41.5
Factor II activity (%) 75.0 65–125
Factor V activity (%) 23.0 60–140
Factor VIII activity (%) 54.1 50–150
Factor X activity (%) 63.0 70–120
Factor V Leiden mutation Negative
Fibrinogen assay (mg/dL) 182 180–350
Platelets (103/mm3) 462 130–450
Protein C activity (%) 72.4 72–160
Protein S activity (%) 72.8 60–150
Antithrombin III test (mg/dL) 20.5 19–31

PT, prothrombin time; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time.

Table 2.
Literature review of factor V deficiency in Korean patients
No. Sex Age (yr) PT (sec) aPTT (sec) FV (%) Severity Major bleedingsymptoms Type Treatment Survival Reference
1 M 9 36.0 110 6 Moderate Hemarthroses I FFP Alive [7]
2 M 1 mo 24.9 > 120 4 Moderate Purpuric Pigmentation on skin I FFP Alive [8]
3 M 53 18.0 49.0 <1 Severe CNS bleeding I FFP Alive [9]
4 F 28 31.3 67.8 3 Moderate Hemoperitoneum I FFP Alive [10]
5 M 73 54.1 180 2 Moderate Postoperative bleeding A FFP, steroids+IVIG Dead [11]
6 F 63 73.1 190 2 Moderate Retroperitoneal bleeding (postoperative bleeding) A FFP, steroids+cyclophosphamide Alive [12]
7 F 17 17.4 50.9 16 Mild Postoperative bleeding, persistent menorrhagia I FFP Alive [13]
8 M 24 35.7 111.7 4 Moderate No symptoms I FFP Alive [13]
9 M 3 mo 45.0 72.5 1 Moderate Recurrent epistaxis I Local measures Unknown [13]
10 F 49 16.7 63.4 11 Mild Postoperative bleeding I FFP Alive [13]
11 M 45 14.9 49.0 23 Mild Postoperative bleeding I FFP Alive Current study

PT, prothrombin time; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; FV, factor V; M, male; F, female; I, inherited; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; CNS, central nervous system; A, acquired; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulins.

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      Recurrent bleeding after posthemorrhoidectomy caused by factor V deficiency: a case report and review of the literature
      Ann Coloproctol. 2022;38(6):449-452.   Published online July 27, 2021
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00185.0026
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    Recurrent bleeding after posthemorrhoidectomy caused by factor V deficiency: a case report and review of the literature
    Image
    Fig. 1. Hospital course of the patient according to the transfusion. PT, prothrombin time; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; FV, factor V; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; RBC, red blood cell.

    Fig. 1.

    Recurrent bleeding after posthemorrhoidectomy caused by factor V deficiency: a case report and review of the literature
    Parameter Result Reference range
    PT (sec) 14.9 9.8–13.0
    aPTT (sec) 49.0 26.5–41.0
    PT mixing test 11.6
    Incubated PT mixing test 13.1
    aPTT mixing test 36.9
    Incubated aPTT mixing test 41.5
    Factor II activity (%) 75.0 65–125
    Factor V activity (%) 23.0 60–140
    Factor VIII activity (%) 54.1 50–150
    Factor X activity (%) 63.0 70–120
    Factor V Leiden mutation Negative
    Fibrinogen assay (mg/dL) 182 180–350
    Platelets (103/mm3) 462 130–450
    Protein C activity (%) 72.4 72–160
    Protein S activity (%) 72.8 60–150
    Antithrombin III test (mg/dL) 20.5 19–31
    No. Sex Age (yr) PT (sec) aPTT (sec) FV (%) Severity Major bleedingsymptoms Type Treatment Survival Reference
    1 M 9 36.0 110 6 Moderate Hemarthroses I FFP Alive [7]
    2 M 1 mo 24.9 > 120 4 Moderate Purpuric Pigmentation on skin I FFP Alive [8]
    3 M 53 18.0 49.0 <1 Severe CNS bleeding I FFP Alive [9]
    4 F 28 31.3 67.8 3 Moderate Hemoperitoneum I FFP Alive [10]
    5 M 73 54.1 180 2 Moderate Postoperative bleeding A FFP, steroids+IVIG Dead [11]
    6 F 63 73.1 190 2 Moderate Retroperitoneal bleeding (postoperative bleeding) A FFP, steroids+cyclophosphamide Alive [12]
    7 F 17 17.4 50.9 16 Mild Postoperative bleeding, persistent menorrhagia I FFP Alive [13]
    8 M 24 35.7 111.7 4 Moderate No symptoms I FFP Alive [13]
    9 M 3 mo 45.0 72.5 1 Moderate Recurrent epistaxis I Local measures Unknown [13]
    10 F 49 16.7 63.4 11 Mild Postoperative bleeding I FFP Alive [13]
    11 M 45 14.9 49.0 23 Mild Postoperative bleeding I FFP Alive Current study
    Table 1. Laboratory findings including coagulation parameters in this patient

    PT, prothrombin time; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time.

    Table 2. Literature review of factor V deficiency in Korean patients

    PT, prothrombin time; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; FV, factor V; M, male; F, female; I, inherited; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; CNS, central nervous system; A, acquired; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulins.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

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