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Original Article
Benign bowel disease
 Implications of bacteriological study in complicated and uncomplicated acute appendicitis
Sorin Cimpean1,2orcid, Alberto Gonzalez Barranquero3, Ion Surdeanu2, Benjamin Cadiere3, Guy-Bernard Cadiere3

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2022.00157.0022
Published online: November 10, 2022

1Royal Belgian Society for Surgery, Brussels, Belgium

2Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Iris Hospitals South, Brussels, Belgium

3Department of Surgery, Saint Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium

Correspondence to: Sorin Cimpean, MD Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Iris Hospitals South, Rue Jean Paquot 40, 1050 Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium Email: sorin.cimpean.md@gmail.com
• Received: February 28, 2022   • Revised: May 28, 2022   • Accepted: July 7, 2022

© 2024 The Korean Society of Coloproctology

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    Bacteriological sample in the presence of intra-abdominal free fluid is necessary to adapt the antibiotherapy and to prevent the development of resistance. The aim was to evaluate the differences between uncomplicated acute appendicitis (UAA) and complicated acute appendicitis (CAA) in terms of bacterial culture results and antibiotic resistance, and to evaluate the factors linked with CAA.
  • Methods
    We performed a single-center, retrospective observational study of all consecutive patients who presented with appendicular peritonitis and underwent emergent surgery in a tertiary referral hospital in Brussels, Belgium, between January 2013 and December 2020. The medical history, parameters at admission, bacterial culture, antibiotic resistance, and postoperative outcomes of 268 patients were analyzed. UAA was considered catarrhal or phlegmonous inflammation of the appendix. CAA was considered gangrenous or perforated appendicitis.
  • Results
    Positive microbiological cultures were significantly higher in the CAA group (68.2% vs. 53.4%). The most frequently isolated bacteria in UAA and CAA cultures were Escherichia coli (37.9% and 48.6%, respectively). Most observed resistances were against ampicillin (28.9% and 21.7%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (16.4% and 10.5%) in UAA and CAA, respectively. A higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, an elevated white blood cell count, an open procedure, and the need for drainage were linked to CAA. Culture results, group of bacterial isolation, and most common isolated bacteria were not related to CAA.
  • Conclusion
    CAA presented a higher rate of positive cultures with increased identification of gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial culture from the peritoneal liquid does not reveal relevant differences in terms of antibiotic resistance.
  • Keywords: Appendicitis; Microbiology; Anti-bacterial agents; Bacteria
Complicated intra-abdominal infections represent a widespread problem, encountered worldwide, with appendicitis alone affecting 300,000 patients/year and consuming >1 million hospital days in the United States [1]. The lifetime risk is estimated to be 8.6% in men and 6.7% in women [2].
This pathology is well-known and the etiology is related usually with an obstruction of the appendix lumen. Other pathologies that can produce an inflammation of the appendix are tumors (carcinoid tumors and adenocarcinoma), intestinal parasites, and hypertrophied lymphatic tissue [3].
Acute appendicitis is treated by appendectomy and is usually followed by additional antibiotic treatment. In case of necrosis or perforation of the appendix with secondary peritonitis, the antibiotherapy is important for the treatment and prevention of the postoperative infectious complications. Antibiotic use can be considered as an adjunct to surgical intervention, and their appropriate use remains a critical aspect [4]. The bacteriological sample in case of presence of intra-abdominal free fluid is necessary to adapt the antibiotherapy and to prevent the development of resistance. In case of simple appendicitis, restriction of antibiotic treatment can be considered.
The bacterial flora in the appendix consists of a mixture of aerobes and anaerobes bacteria. In the literature, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis are most commonly associated with appendicitis, and the first-line empiric antibiotic therapy is typically selected to target these bacteria [5]. Nevertheless, acute appendicitis is habitually a polymicrobial infection, with up to 14 different bacteria reported [6].
The aim of the study is to evaluate the differences between uncomplicated acute appendicitis (UAA) and complicated acute appendicitis (CAA) in terms of bacterial culture results and antibiotic resistance. The secondary outcome was to evaluate the predictors for complicated appendicitis. The study also evaluates the clinical implication of the bacterial culture results of UAA and CAA in term of antibiotic resistance, and the risk factor of CAA.
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Saint Pierre University Hospital. The verbal/oral informed consent was obtained in consultation, by telephone or by email from the patients or the legal representative.
Study design
We performed a single-center, retrospective observational study of all consecutive patients who presented with appendicular peritonitis and underwent emergent surgery in Saint Pierre University Hospital (Brussels, Belgium), between January 2013 and December 2020.
The inclusion criteria for the 268 patients analyzed were the patients over 15 years old, who underwent an appendectomy in an emergent surgery, with the presence of peritonitis of appendicular origin, and enough quantity of intra-abdominal free fluid to allow the bacteriological sample.
The exclusion criteria were peritonitis of a distinct origin, conservative or percutaneous treatment of appendicular abscess, the absence of free fluid, the absence of bacteriological sample, or the absence of bacteriological analysis.
Definitions
The abdominal fluid culture was obtained from a sample of peritoneal fluid (>1 mL) that was sent to the laboratory for Gram stain and culture. UAA was considered catarrhal or phlegmonous inflammation of the appendix. CAA was considered gangrenous or perforated appendicitis [7, 8].
Intervention
All patients with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis who underwent emergent surgery received amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as preoperative antibiotic treatment, in the absence of previous allergies. The periappendicular intra-abdominal free fluid visualized during the surgery was collected in sterile conditions and was sent for bacteriological analysis. Postoperative antibiotics were prescribed depending on the clinical condition of the patient and the state of the surgical field during the intervention. Tailored antibiotic therapy was adjusted according to the results of the antibiotic sensitivity testing, usually available 48 hours after the surgery, especially in cases of antibiotic resistance. A systematic blood test was performed on the second postoperative day to follow the dynamics of the inflammatory syndrome. The patient was discharged in the absence of relevant postoperative complications.
Variables
Baseline characteristics collected were age, sex, nationality, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; which predicts the 10-year mortality for a patient according to their comorbid conditions), and personal history of abdominal surgery or other surgeries. At admission, the physical examination signs analyzed were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and body temperature; and the C-reactive protein and the white blood cell (WBC) count from the blood tests. The type of surgical intervention, the open or laparoscopic approach, and the need for drainage were the intraoperative variables analyzed.
A positive bacteriological analysis was thoroughly evaluated to identify the specific bacteria and their resistance to the antibiotic. We also evaluated the antibiotic treatment prescribed, in the first-, second-, and third-line.
Postoperative variables were the hospital stay, blood tests at 48 hours after surgery, overall morbidity and its severity according to the Clavien Dindo classification [9], and the need for reintervention. Specific complications analyzed were postoperative ileus, acute kidney injury, bacteremia, surgical site infection, and cecal perforation.
Statistical analysis
Categorical variables were described with numbers and percentages. Quantitative variables were described with mean and standard deviation if they followed a normal distribution and with median and interquartile range (IQR) if they followed a non-normal distribution. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used as a normality test.
To evaluate the null hypothesis, the chi-square test was used for categorical variables, the Student t-test was used for normal quantitative variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test was used for non-normal quantitative variables.
All variables were tested in univariate logistic regression to explore the factors linked with complicated appendicitis, except for specific bacterial isolation with <10 positive cultures. Statistically significant variables in univariate analysis were then included in a multivariable logistic regression model, erasing nonsignificant outcomes until all variables were adjusted to each other in the final model. A P-value of <0.05 in a 2-tailed statistical analysis was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS ver. 23.0 (IBM Corp).
A total of 834 patients were operated for acute appendicitis during the period of the study. We included 268 patients (161 with UAA and 107 with CAA) after excluding 566 patients according to the exclusion criteria, mainly due to the absence of sufficient free fluid for bacteriological analysis.
The demographic analysis (Table 1) revealed that patients in the CAA group were older (38.5 years [IQR, 27.0–52.0 years] vs. 33.5 years [IQR, 25.3–41.0 years]), and there was a higher proportion of male patients in this group (71.0% vs. 56.5%). These differences were statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences in the nationality between groups.
Patients in the UAA group presented more personal history of abdominal surgeries (26 [16.1%] vs. 14 [13.1%]) and more personal history of other surgeries (18 [11.2%] vs. 10 [9.3%]), with no statistical significance.
Although the median CCI was 0 for both groups, the IQR was discretely higher in the CAA group (0–1 vs. 0–0), thus there was a statistically significant difference (P=0.017).
Initial evaluation of the patients
The general condition of the patients was evaluated at the hospital admission and the patient parameters were evaluated. The analysis of the clinical parameters found statistically significant differences, with an increased heart rate in the CAA group (95 beats per minute [bpm] [IQR, 81.0–108.0 bpm] vs. 87 bpm [IQR, 76.0–100.5 bpm]), the prevalence of tachycardia in the CAA group (46 [43.0%] vs. 48 [29.8%]) and an increased body temperature in the patients with CAA (18 [16.8%] vs. 19 [11.8%]).
The inflammatory syndrome was more important in the CAA group and reflected by the levels of C-reactive protein (97.5 g/dL [IQR, 29.6–188.3 g/dL] vs. 29.2 g/dL [IQR, 6.5–101.0 g/dL]) and WBC count (15,720/mm3 [IQR, 12,040–18,500/mm3] vs. 13,460/mm3 [IQR, 8,216–16,170/mm3]). These differences were statistically significant.
Surgical treatment
A higher proportion of surgeries were performed by laparoscopy in the UAA group (156 [96.9%] vs. 91 [85.0%]). Patients with UAA received more appendectomies (158 [98.1%] vs. 99 [92.5%]) and ileocecal resections (2 [1.2%] vs. 1 [0.9%]), while the CAA group presented more cecectomies (7 [6.5%] vs. 1 [0.6%]).
The CAA presented more contamination of the peritoneal cavity, and the drainage was considered useful by the surgeon in most patients. The drain was placed in case of presence of cloudy or purulent peritoneal liquid. The abdominal drainage was more frequently used in the CAA group (84 [78.5%] vs. 83 [51.6%]) and placed in periappendicular (59 [55.1%] vs. 42 [26.1%]) or pelvic position (57 [53.3%] vs. 63 [39.1%], P=0.025).
Bacterial culture
The positive microbiological culture rate was, as expected, significantly higher in the CAA group (73 [68.2%] vs. 86 [53.4%]) (Table 2). Statistically significant differences were observed in the bacterial isolation, with an increased proportion of gram-negative bacteria in CAA cultures (65 [60.7%] vs. 76 [47.2%]), while there were no differences in the proportion of gram-positive or anaerobic bacteria between groups.
The most frequently isolated bacteria in UAA cultures were E. coli (61, 37.9%), bacteria from the Streptococcus anginosus group (15, 9.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9, 5.6%), Bacteroides spp. (8, 5.0%), and Klebsiella spp. (7, 4.3%). In the CAA group the most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli (52, 48.6%), bacteria from the S. anginosus group (19, 7.8%), Bacteroides spp. (14, 13.1%), P. aeruginosa (10, 9.3%), and Klebsiella spp. (4, 3.7%). Other isolated bacteria were Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter, Eikenella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus spp., Prevotella spp., Enterococcus spp., other Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus spp. (Fig. 1).
Antibiotic treatment
No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in terms of antibiotic resistance, with an overall rate of antibiotic resistance of 34.2% (55 of 161) in the UAA group and 27.1% (29 of 107) in the CAA group. The most common resistances observed were against ampicillin (46 [28.6%] and 23 [21.5%]) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (26 [16.1%] and 11 [10.3%]) in the UAA and CAA groups, respectively. Other relevant resistances found were against trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (20, 12.4%) and clindamycin (10, 9.3%) in the UAA and CAA groups, respectively. There was a low resistance rate against quinolones in the UAA group (8, 5.0%) and CAA group (6, 5.6%) (Fig. 1).
More patients in the UAA group received monotherapy as the first-line of antibiotic treatment (154 [95.7%] vs. 100 [93.5%]) and none received combined therapy (0 [0%] vs. 5 [4.7%]). Most patients received amoxicillin/clavulanic acid as the first-line of treatment (94.4% in the UAA group and 89.7% in the CAA group). There were resistances to the first-line of antibiotic treatment in 27 patients (16.8%) from the UAA group versus 10 patients (9.3%) from the CAA group, without statistically significant differences.
For the second-line of antibiotics, most patients received piperacillin/tazobactam (5.0% in the UAA group and 4.7% in the CAA group). There was only 1 resistance (0.9%) to this line of treatment in the CAA group, without statistically significant differences.
The third-line of treatment was not necessary mostly for patients with UAA (159 [98.8%] vs. 103 [96.3%]). Levofloxacin-ornidazole and piperacillin/tazobactam were the most commonly used antibiotics in both groups. The median antibiotic duration was statistically significantly higher in the CAA group (5.5 days [IQR, 3–7 days] vs. 5 days [IQR, 2–7 days]).
Postoperative outcomes
In term of postoperative outcomes, the morbidity was significantly higher for patients with CAA (21 [19.6%] vs. 11 [6.8%]). Thirty-day complications according to Clavien-Dindo classification revealed a significant difference for the CAA group, with a higher proportion of grade I, II, and III complications. There was a higher proportion of surgical site infections in the CAA group (14 [13.1%] vs. 8 [5.0%]) as a specific complication.
The C-reactive protein level at 48-hour postoperative blood test was higher in the CAA group (202.4 mg/dL [IQR, 96.6–316.0 mg/dL] vs. 111.9 mg/dL [IQR, 28.9–215.7 mg/dL]), with a similar WBC count between groups.
The hospital stay was significantly longer in the CAA group (5 days [IQR, 3–6 days]) than in the UAA group (3 days [IQR, 2–5 days]) (Table 3).
Analysis of factors linked with complicated appendicitis
All variables were evaluated as factors linked with complicated appendicitis. Variables with statistical significance in univariate analysis to predict complicated appendicitis and the results from the most common specific bacterial isolation are shown in Table 4. Once adjusted in multivariate analysis the risk factors related to complicated appendicitis were the CCI, the WBC count at admission, the need for an open procedure, and the need for surgical drainage. All variables that could be considered risk factors were tested in univariate logistic regression to explore if they were linked with complicated appendicitis, except for specific bacterial isolation with <10 positive cultures (Table 4). Neither the culture results, the group of bacterial isolation, or the specific isolated bacteria could predict complicated appendicitis.
Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute peritonitis, with 7% of cases of secondary diffuse peritonitis. In case of complicated appendicitis, perforated appendicitis with peritonitis, the morbidity is increased. Diffuse peritonitis represents the most severe grade of CAA, and it is still considered an important cause of morbidity (10%) and mortality (1%–2.5%) [10].
In some studies, gram-negative bacteria are more common in acute appendicitis compared to gram-positive [11, 12]. García-Marín et al. [13] found that the culture-positive rate was higher in CAA than in UAA, identifying a higher frequency of gram-positive cocci and anaerobic bacteria with different isolates and susceptibilities. Parthiban and Harish [14] in a microbiology study of the appendicectomy specimen showed that anaerobes acted as the commonest organism involved in appendicitis and postoperative wound infection. Moreover, the presence of anaerobes caused a higher incidence of complicated appendicitis. Lafi et al. [15] found that the most common bacteria found in a bacteriological study of acute appendicitis were E. coli, B. fragilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. For Chen et al. [3], the most commonly involved bacteria were E. coli, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and P. aeruginosa. The presence of P. aeruginosa was associated with wound infection, despite antibiotic prophylaxis, highlighting that special consideration for the clinical and biological evolution of these patients was necessary when this pathogen was found [16]. In our study, the most frequently identified bacteria were gram-negative, especially in the setting of CAA, without statistically significant differences between groups in the presence of gram-positive or anaerobes. However, there was no association between the group of bacterial isolation or the specific isolated bacteria and the presentation of a CAA.
In recent years, multiple studies revealed that in case of UAA, the antibiotics only can be a reliable treatment. APPAC (Appendicitis Acuta) randomized clinical trial found that in case of UAA, the antibiotic treatment for did not require appendectomy during the 1-year follow-up period, and those who required appendectomy did not experience significant complications [17, 18]. In case of simple appendicitis, the inferiority of nonoperative therapy vs. appendectomy could equally be related to the type of antibiotic used. Current evidence show that resistance of E. coli to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid is increasing [19].
There is a real concern about the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria. The resistant and virulent microorganisms might be a result of antibiotic exposure or the application of invasive and prolonged medical and surgical treatment [20]. The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria can contribute to additional morbidity [21]. In a study from 2010, 25% of children with gangrenous or ruptured appendicitis were insensitive to the antimicrobial regime used [22]. E. coli and mixed anaerobes are the predominant organisms identified in secondary peritonitis from appendicitis in children. In case of an inadequate empirical antibiotic and amoxicillin/clavulanate resistance of the bacteria, postoperative infectious complications might increase [23].
The initial empirical therapy should target all of the microorganisms likely to be involved, on the basis of the suspected risk factors [24]. Empiric antibiotic treatment is effective in most patients, early (blood or intra-abdominal) culturing is very useful to guide antibiotic modification in abdominal infection [25]. If the postoperative evolution of the patient is not optimal, the results of the bacterial culture are critical, especially in the actual tendency of increased occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains [26].
Andersen et al. [27] in a review of literature found that the antibiotic prophylaxis is effective in the prevention of postoperative complications in appendectomies patients, whether the administration is given preoperatively, perioperatively, or postoperatively. Kimbrell et al. [28] in a study on postoperative antibiotic administration in CAA suggest that the use of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics more than 24 hours in patients does not prevent the development of an abscess. Obinwa et al. [23] in a study on the microbiology of secondary bacterial peritonitis due to appendicitis found that inadequate initial empirical antibiotic and amoxicillin/clavulanate resistant E. coli may contribute to increased postoperative infectious complications. The study recommended a triple antibiotic combination of amoxicillin/clavulanate, gentamicin, and metronidazole as an empiric treatment in CAA.
The prospective multicenter study MUSTANG (Multicenter Study of the Treatment of Appendicitis in America: Acute, Perforated, and Gangrenous) on the duration of antibiotherapy found that there was no evidence of an association between the duration of 24 hours versus 96 hours for CAA and an increased rate of SSI [29]. A study from the Netherlands (2014) concluded that 3 days of antibiotics led to a similar rate of infectious complications of 5 days or more [30, 31]. In a meta-analysis by van den Boom et al. [32] revealed that there were no differences in the incidence of intra-abdominal abscess with ≤3 days versus >3 days of antibiotic treatment, but there was a reduction with >5 days of treatment. Xu et al. [33] in a retrospective analysis of 93 patients who underwent appendectomy found that the average stay of patients receiving fluoroquinolones was 2.6 days shorter than patients who received cephalosporins. In our study, the median duration of the antibiotic treatment was 5 days for UAA and 5.5 days for CAA. Therefore, the duration could have been optimized in the UAA but might have been optimal for the CAA group. In our institution, the antibiotics were discontinued, in concertation with the infectiology team accordingly to the type of bacteria culture and type of antibiotic.
In conclusion, the bacterial culture allows for not only evaluating the immediate impact of the antibiotics treatment and evaluating the resistance, but also evaluating the preoperative empirical treatments in order to reduce patients’ morbidity. CAA presented a higher rate of positive cultures with increased identification of gram-negative bacteria. E. coli, bacteria from the S. anginosus group, and Bacteroides spp. were the most commonly isolated bacteria, without relevant differences in terms of antibiotic resistance. The predictors for complicated appendicitis were preoperative or intraoperative variables, while the culture results, the group of bacterial isolation or the specific isolated bacteria did not predict complicated appendicitis.

Conflict of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding

None.

Acknowledgments

The corresponding author would like to thank the team for the expertise and assistance in all aspects of the study and for the help in writing the manuscript, in particular Professor G. B. Cadiere for the correction of the draft and his advice.

Author contributions

Conceptualization:

Data curation:

Formal analysis:

Investigation:

Methodology:

Project administration:

Resources:

Software:

Supervision:

Validation:

Visualization:

Writing–original draft:

Writing–review & editing: all authors.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Additional information

This study was previously shared as a preprint on Research Square (https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1392300/v2) and has since undergone peer review for publication in this journal.

Fig. 1.
(A) Specific bacterial isolation and (B) antibiotic resistance in complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis. *Statistically significant differences.
ac-2022-00157-0022f1.jpg
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and surgical procedure (n=268)
Characteristic Acute appendicitis P-value
Uncomplicated (n=161) Complicated (n=107)
Age (yr) 33.5 (25.3–41.0) 38.5 (27.0–52.0) 0.018*
Sex 0.016*
 Female 70 (43.5) 31 (29.0)
 Male 91 (56.5) 76 (71.0)
Nationality 0.250
 European
  Belgian 59 (36.6) 44 (41.1)
  Non-Belgian 42 (26.1) 35 (32.7)
 African 34 (21.1) 20 (18.7)
 Middle Eastern 7 (4.3) 2 (1.9)
 Asian 5 (3.1) 1 (0.9)
 American 9 (5.6) 1 (0.9)
 Unknown 5 (3.1) 4 (3.7)
Charlson Comorbidity Index 0 (0–0) 0 (0–1) 0.017*
History of abdominal surgery 26 (16.1) 14 (13.1) 0.490
History of other surgeries 18 (11.2) 10 (9.3) 0.631
Physical examination at admission
 Heart rate (bpm) 87 (76.0–100.5) 95 (81.0–108.0) 0.007*
 Tachycardia (>100 bpm) 48 (29.8) 46 (43.0) 0.027*
 Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) 125 (118–138) 130 (118–140) 0.286
 Hypotension (<100 mmHg) 8 (5.0) 7 (6.5) 0.583
 Temperature (°C) 36.9 (36.5–37.4) 37.0 (36.7–37.5) 0.039*
 Fever (>37.8 °C) 19 (11.8) 18 (16.8) 0.243
 Septic shock 4 (2.5) 2 (1.9) >0.999
Blood test at admission
 C-reactive protein (g/dL) 29.2 (6.5–101.0) 97.5 (29.6–188.3) <0.001*
 White blood cell count (/mm3) 13,460 (8,216–16,170) 15,720 (12,040–18,500) 0.001*
Surgical intervention 0.020*
 Appendicectomy 158 (98.1) 99 (92.5)
 Cecectomy 1 (0.6) 7 (6.5)
 Ileocecal resection 2 (1.2) 1 (0.9)
Laparoscopic procedure 156 (96.9) 91 (85.0) <0.001*
Drainage 83 (51.6) 84 (78.5) <0.001*
 Periappendicular 42 (26.1) 59 (55.1) <0.001*
 Pelvic 63 (39.1) 57 (53.3) 0.025*
 Other localizations 6 (3.7) 4 (3.7) >0.999

Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding.

bpm, beats per minute.

*P<0.05 (statistically significant).

Table 2.
Bacterial isolation, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic treatment (n=268)
Variable Acute appendicitis P-value
Uncomplicated (n=161) Complicated (n=107)
Culture 0.016*
 Negative 75 (46.6) 34 (31.8)
 Positive 86 (53.4) 73 (68.2)
Bacterial isolation
 Gram-negative 76 (47.2) 65 (60.7) 0.030*
 Gram-positive 26 (16.1) 24 (22.4) 0.196
 Strict anaerobes 18 (11.2) 22 (20.6) 0.035*
First-line antibiotic treatment 0.013*
 None 7 (4.3) 2 (1.9)
 Monotherapy 154 (95.7) 100 (93.5)
 Combined therapy 0 (0) 5 (4.7)
First-line antibiotic treatment
 None 7 (4.3) 2 (1.9) 0.098
 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 152 (94.4) 96 (89.7)
 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-metronidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ornidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
 Cefuroxime-metronidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
 Cefuroxime-ornidazole 0 (0) 2 (1.9)
 Clindamycin 2 (1.2) 1 (0.9)
 Levofloxacin 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
 Piperacillin/tazobactam 0 (0) 2 (1.9)
Resistance to first-line antibiotic treatment 27 (16.8) 10 (9.3) 0.084
Second-line antibiotic treatment 0.889
 None 132 (80.2) 86 (80.4)
 Monotherapy 11 (6.8) 9 (8.4)
 Combined therapy 18 (11.2) 12 (11.2)
Second-line antibiotic treatment
 None 132 (82.0) 86 (80.4) 0.763
 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-metronidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ornidazole 6 (3.7) 4 (3.7)
 Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-doxycycline 1 (0.6) 0 (0)
 Cefuroxime-metronidazole 1 (0.6) 0 (0)
 Cefuroxime-ornidazole 1 (0.6) 0 (0)
 Ceftriaxone-doxycycline 2 (1.2) 0 (0)
 Doxycycline 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
 Levofloxacin 3 (1.9) 2 (1.9)
 Levofloxacin-ornidazole 4 (2.5) 4 (3.7)
 Ciprofloxacin-ornidazole 3 (1.9) 3 (2.8)
 Piperacillin/tazobactam 8 (5.0) 5 (4.7)
 Ornidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
Resistance to second-line antibiotic treatment 0 (0) 1 (0.9) 0.399
Third-line antibiotic treatment 0.337
 None 159 (98.8) 103 (96.3)
 Monotherapy 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9)
 Combined therapy 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9)
Third-line antibiotic treatment 0.552
 None 159 (98.8) 103 (96.3)
 Levofloxacin-ornidazole 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9)
 Ciprofloxacin-ornidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
 Piperacillin/tazobactam 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9)
 Ceftazidime-vancomycin-ornidazole-anidulafungin 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
Resistance to third-line antibiotic treatment 0 (0) 0 (0) >0.999
Antibiotic treatment duration (day) 5.0 (2–7) 5.5 (3–7) 0.002*
Antibiotic treatment >1 wk 19 (11.8) 22 (20.6) 0.051

Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding.

*P<0.05 (statistically significant).

Table 3.
Postoperative outcomes (n=268)
Variable Acute appendicitis P-value
Uncomplicated (n = 161) Complicated (n = 107)
Morbidity 11 (6.8) 21 (19.6) 0.002*
 Clavien-Dindo classification of 30-day complications 0.012*
  Grade I 2 (1.2) 6 (5.6)
  Grade II 4 (2.5) 9 (8.4)
  Grade III 5 (3.1) 6 (5.6)
Reintervention 3 (1.9) 4 (3.7) 0.442
 Specific complication
  Postoperative ileus 4 (2.5) 6 (5.6) 0.204
  Acute kidney injury 0 (0) 1 (0.9) 0.399
  Bacteremia 0 (0) 1 (0.9) 0.399
  Surgical site infection 8 (5.0) 14 (13.1) 0.018*
  Cecal perforation 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9) >0.999
 Blood test at 48 hr
  C-reactive protein (mg/dL)  111.9 (28.9–215.7) 202.4 (96.6–316.0) 0.001*
  White blood cell count (/mm3) 8,660 (6,715–10,980) 8,695 (6,335–12,052) 0.447
 Hospital stay (day) 3 (2–5) 5 (3–6) <0.001*

Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range).

*P<0.05 (statistically significant).

Table 4.
Analysis of risk factors related to complicated appendicitis
Risk factor Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
OR (95% CI) P-value OR (95% CI) P-value
Age (yr) 1.022 (1.005–1.039) 0.009* 1.022 (1.005–1.039) 0.009*
Sex 0.017* - -
 Female Reference
 Male 1.887 (1.120–3.174)
Nationality 0.249 - -
 European (Belgian) Reference
 European (non-Belgian) 1.117 (0.617–2.025)
 African 0.789 (0.401–1.551)
 Middle Eastern 0.383 (0.076–1.934)
 Asian 0.268 (0.030–2.378)
 American 0.149 (0.018–1.120)
Charlson Comorbidity Index 1.459 (1.114–1.911) 0.006* 1.333 (1.003–1.771) 0.048*
History of abdominal surgery 0.782 (0.782–1.576) 0.491 - -
History of other surgeries 0.819 (0.363–1.850) 0.631 - -
Physical examination at admission - -
 Heart rate (bpm) 1.018 (1.004–1.033) 0.010*
 Tachycardia (>100 bpm) 1.775 (1.066–2.958) 0.028*
 Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) 1.005 (0.990–1.019) 0.54
 Hypotension (<100 mmHg) 1.339 (0.471–3.807) 0.584
 Temperature (°C) 1.383 (0.994–1.924) 0.054
 Fever (>37.8 °C) 1.512 (0.753–3.035) 0.245
 Septic shock 0.748 (0.135–4.155) 0.740
Blood test at admission
 C-reactive protein (g/dL ) 1.005 (1.002–1.007) <0.001* - -
 White blood cell count (/mm3) 1.00008 (1.00003–1.00014) <0.001* 1.00007 (1.00001–1.00013) 0.027*
Surgical intervention - -
 Appendicectomy Reference
 Cecectomy 11.172 (1.354–92.174) 0.025*
 Ileocecal resection 0.798 (0.071–8.916) 0.855
Laparoscopic procedure 0.182 (0.065–0.514) 0.001* 0.218 (0.073–0.648) 0.006*
Drainage 3.432 (1.970–5.980) <0.001* 2.571 (1.421–4.653) 0.002*
Culture 0.016* - -
 Negative Reference
 Positive 1.872 (1.123–3.122)
Bacterial isolation - -
 Gram-negative 1.731 (1.054–2.843) 0.030*
 Gram-positive 1.501 (0.809–2.787) 0.198
 Strict anaerobes 2.056 (1.043–4.052) 0.037*
First-line antibiotic treatment 0.870 (0.704–1.075) 0.197 - -
Resistance to first-line antibiotic treatment 0.512 (0.237–1.106) 0.089 - -
Bacterial specific isolation - -
 Escherichia coli 1.550 (0.945–2.543) 0.083
 Klebsiella spp. 0.854 (0.244–2.993) 0.806
 Bacteroides spp. 2.879 (1.163–7.124) 0.022*
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1.741 (0.683–4.439) 0.246
 Enterococcus spp. 1.003 (0.276–3.643) 0.996
 Streptoccocus anginosus group 2.102 (1.016–4.347) 0.045*

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; bpm, beats per minute.

*P<0.05 (statistically significant).

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Figure & Data

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    • Causative microbes and antibiotic susceptibility of acute appendicitis in adults and children
      Chia-Hsiang Yu, Chia-Ning Chang, Chih-Chien Wang
      Pediatrics & Neonatology.2024; 65(2): 159.     CrossRef
    • Optimizing Antibiotic Management for Adult Patients Presenting with Acute Perforated Appendicitis: A Quality Improvement Study
      Carlos Gallego-Navarro, Jason Beckermann, Maria E. Linnaus, Hayden J. Swartz, Shelby Stewart, Justin M. York, Ryan R. Gassner, Christopher A. Kasal, Annaliese G. Seidel, Corey J. Wachter, Kirstin J. Kooda, Jennifer R. Rich, Mark D. Sawyer
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    • The role of intraoperative swab during appendectomy in patients with uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis
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      International Journal of Colorectal Disease.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef

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    Implications of bacteriological study in complicated and uncomplicated acute appendicitis
    Image
    Fig. 1. (A) Specific bacterial isolation and (B) antibiotic resistance in complicated and uncomplicated appendicitis. *Statistically significant differences.

    Fig. 1.

    Implications of bacteriological study in complicated and uncomplicated acute appendicitis
    Characteristic Acute appendicitis P-value
    Uncomplicated (n=161) Complicated (n=107)
    Age (yr) 33.5 (25.3–41.0) 38.5 (27.0–52.0) 0.018*
    Sex 0.016*
     Female 70 (43.5) 31 (29.0)
     Male 91 (56.5) 76 (71.0)
    Nationality 0.250
     European
      Belgian 59 (36.6) 44 (41.1)
      Non-Belgian 42 (26.1) 35 (32.7)
     African 34 (21.1) 20 (18.7)
     Middle Eastern 7 (4.3) 2 (1.9)
     Asian 5 (3.1) 1 (0.9)
     American 9 (5.6) 1 (0.9)
     Unknown 5 (3.1) 4 (3.7)
    Charlson Comorbidity Index 0 (0–0) 0 (0–1) 0.017*
    History of abdominal surgery 26 (16.1) 14 (13.1) 0.490
    History of other surgeries 18 (11.2) 10 (9.3) 0.631
    Physical examination at admission
     Heart rate (bpm) 87 (76.0–100.5) 95 (81.0–108.0) 0.007*
     Tachycardia (>100 bpm) 48 (29.8) 46 (43.0) 0.027*
     Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) 125 (118–138) 130 (118–140) 0.286
     Hypotension (<100 mmHg) 8 (5.0) 7 (6.5) 0.583
     Temperature (°C) 36.9 (36.5–37.4) 37.0 (36.7–37.5) 0.039*
     Fever (>37.8 °C) 19 (11.8) 18 (16.8) 0.243
     Septic shock 4 (2.5) 2 (1.9) >0.999
    Blood test at admission
     C-reactive protein (g/dL) 29.2 (6.5–101.0) 97.5 (29.6–188.3) <0.001*
     White blood cell count (/mm3) 13,460 (8,216–16,170) 15,720 (12,040–18,500) 0.001*
    Surgical intervention 0.020*
     Appendicectomy 158 (98.1) 99 (92.5)
     Cecectomy 1 (0.6) 7 (6.5)
     Ileocecal resection 2 (1.2) 1 (0.9)
    Laparoscopic procedure 156 (96.9) 91 (85.0) <0.001*
    Drainage 83 (51.6) 84 (78.5) <0.001*
     Periappendicular 42 (26.1) 59 (55.1) <0.001*
     Pelvic 63 (39.1) 57 (53.3) 0.025*
     Other localizations 6 (3.7) 4 (3.7) >0.999
    Variable Acute appendicitis P-value
    Uncomplicated (n=161) Complicated (n=107)
    Culture 0.016*
     Negative 75 (46.6) 34 (31.8)
     Positive 86 (53.4) 73 (68.2)
    Bacterial isolation
     Gram-negative 76 (47.2) 65 (60.7) 0.030*
     Gram-positive 26 (16.1) 24 (22.4) 0.196
     Strict anaerobes 18 (11.2) 22 (20.6) 0.035*
    First-line antibiotic treatment 0.013*
     None 7 (4.3) 2 (1.9)
     Monotherapy 154 (95.7) 100 (93.5)
     Combined therapy 0 (0) 5 (4.7)
    First-line antibiotic treatment
     None 7 (4.3) 2 (1.9) 0.098
     Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 152 (94.4) 96 (89.7)
     Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-metronidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
     Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ornidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
     Cefuroxime-metronidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
     Cefuroxime-ornidazole 0 (0) 2 (1.9)
     Clindamycin 2 (1.2) 1 (0.9)
     Levofloxacin 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
     Piperacillin/tazobactam 0 (0) 2 (1.9)
    Resistance to first-line antibiotic treatment 27 (16.8) 10 (9.3) 0.084
    Second-line antibiotic treatment 0.889
     None 132 (80.2) 86 (80.4)
     Monotherapy 11 (6.8) 9 (8.4)
     Combined therapy 18 (11.2) 12 (11.2)
    Second-line antibiotic treatment
     None 132 (82.0) 86 (80.4) 0.763
     Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-metronidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
     Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ornidazole 6 (3.7) 4 (3.7)
     Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-doxycycline 1 (0.6) 0 (0)
     Cefuroxime-metronidazole 1 (0.6) 0 (0)
     Cefuroxime-ornidazole 1 (0.6) 0 (0)
     Ceftriaxone-doxycycline 2 (1.2) 0 (0)
     Doxycycline 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
     Levofloxacin 3 (1.9) 2 (1.9)
     Levofloxacin-ornidazole 4 (2.5) 4 (3.7)
     Ciprofloxacin-ornidazole 3 (1.9) 3 (2.8)
     Piperacillin/tazobactam 8 (5.0) 5 (4.7)
     Ornidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
    Resistance to second-line antibiotic treatment 0 (0) 1 (0.9) 0.399
    Third-line antibiotic treatment 0.337
     None 159 (98.8) 103 (96.3)
     Monotherapy 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9)
     Combined therapy 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9)
    Third-line antibiotic treatment 0.552
     None 159 (98.8) 103 (96.3)
     Levofloxacin-ornidazole 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9)
     Ciprofloxacin-ornidazole 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
     Piperacillin/tazobactam 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9)
     Ceftazidime-vancomycin-ornidazole-anidulafungin 0 (0) 1 (0.9)
    Resistance to third-line antibiotic treatment 0 (0) 0 (0) >0.999
    Antibiotic treatment duration (day) 5.0 (2–7) 5.5 (3–7) 0.002*
    Antibiotic treatment >1 wk 19 (11.8) 22 (20.6) 0.051
    Variable Acute appendicitis P-value
    Uncomplicated (n = 161) Complicated (n = 107)
    Morbidity 11 (6.8) 21 (19.6) 0.002*
     Clavien-Dindo classification of 30-day complications 0.012*
      Grade I 2 (1.2) 6 (5.6)
      Grade II 4 (2.5) 9 (8.4)
      Grade III 5 (3.1) 6 (5.6)
    Reintervention 3 (1.9) 4 (3.7) 0.442
     Specific complication
      Postoperative ileus 4 (2.5) 6 (5.6) 0.204
      Acute kidney injury 0 (0) 1 (0.9) 0.399
      Bacteremia 0 (0) 1 (0.9) 0.399
      Surgical site infection 8 (5.0) 14 (13.1) 0.018*
      Cecal perforation 1 (0.6) 1 (0.9) >0.999
     Blood test at 48 hr
      C-reactive protein (mg/dL)  111.9 (28.9–215.7) 202.4 (96.6–316.0) 0.001*
      White blood cell count (/mm3) 8,660 (6,715–10,980) 8,695 (6,335–12,052) 0.447
     Hospital stay (day) 3 (2–5) 5 (3–6) <0.001*
    Risk factor Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
    OR (95% CI) P-value OR (95% CI) P-value
    Age (yr) 1.022 (1.005–1.039) 0.009* 1.022 (1.005–1.039) 0.009*
    Sex 0.017* - -
     Female Reference
     Male 1.887 (1.120–3.174)
    Nationality 0.249 - -
     European (Belgian) Reference
     European (non-Belgian) 1.117 (0.617–2.025)
     African 0.789 (0.401–1.551)
     Middle Eastern 0.383 (0.076–1.934)
     Asian 0.268 (0.030–2.378)
     American 0.149 (0.018–1.120)
    Charlson Comorbidity Index 1.459 (1.114–1.911) 0.006* 1.333 (1.003–1.771) 0.048*
    History of abdominal surgery 0.782 (0.782–1.576) 0.491 - -
    History of other surgeries 0.819 (0.363–1.850) 0.631 - -
    Physical examination at admission - -
     Heart rate (bpm) 1.018 (1.004–1.033) 0.010*
     Tachycardia (>100 bpm) 1.775 (1.066–2.958) 0.028*
     Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) 1.005 (0.990–1.019) 0.54
     Hypotension (<100 mmHg) 1.339 (0.471–3.807) 0.584
     Temperature (°C) 1.383 (0.994–1.924) 0.054
     Fever (>37.8 °C) 1.512 (0.753–3.035) 0.245
     Septic shock 0.748 (0.135–4.155) 0.740
    Blood test at admission
     C-reactive protein (g/dL ) 1.005 (1.002–1.007) <0.001* - -
     White blood cell count (/mm3) 1.00008 (1.00003–1.00014) <0.001* 1.00007 (1.00001–1.00013) 0.027*
    Surgical intervention - -
     Appendicectomy Reference
     Cecectomy 11.172 (1.354–92.174) 0.025*
     Ileocecal resection 0.798 (0.071–8.916) 0.855
    Laparoscopic procedure 0.182 (0.065–0.514) 0.001* 0.218 (0.073–0.648) 0.006*
    Drainage 3.432 (1.970–5.980) <0.001* 2.571 (1.421–4.653) 0.002*
    Culture 0.016* - -
     Negative Reference
     Positive 1.872 (1.123–3.122)
    Bacterial isolation - -
     Gram-negative 1.731 (1.054–2.843) 0.030*
     Gram-positive 1.501 (0.809–2.787) 0.198
     Strict anaerobes 2.056 (1.043–4.052) 0.037*
    First-line antibiotic treatment 0.870 (0.704–1.075) 0.197 - -
    Resistance to first-line antibiotic treatment 0.512 (0.237–1.106) 0.089 - -
    Bacterial specific isolation - -
     Escherichia coli 1.550 (0.945–2.543) 0.083
     Klebsiella spp. 0.854 (0.244–2.993) 0.806
     Bacteroides spp. 2.879 (1.163–7.124) 0.022*
     Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1.741 (0.683–4.439) 0.246
     Enterococcus spp. 1.003 (0.276–3.643) 0.996
     Streptoccocus anginosus group 2.102 (1.016–4.347) 0.045*
    Table 1. Baseline characteristics and surgical procedure (n=268)

    Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding.

    bpm, beats per minute.

    P<0.05 (statistically significant).

    Table 2. Bacterial isolation, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic treatment (n=268)

    Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). Percentages may not total 100 due to rounding.

    P<0.05 (statistically significant).

    Table 3. Postoperative outcomes (n=268)

    Values are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range).

    P<0.05 (statistically significant).

    Table 4. Analysis of risk factors related to complicated appendicitis

    OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; bpm, beats per minute.

    P<0.05 (statistically significant).

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

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