Gene and protein expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition for intestinal and anal fistula: a systematic review

Nadila Haryani Osman; Ruhi Fadzlyana Jailani; Hayati Abd Rahman; Nazefah Abdul Hamid

doi:10.3393/ac.2021.00584.0083

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Ann Coloproctol > Volume 39(2); 2023 > Article

Review Gene and protein expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition for intestinal and anal fistula: a systematic review: Nadila Haryani Osman, Ruhi Fadzlyana Jailani, Hayati Abd Rahman, Nazefah Abdul Hamid; Annals of Coloproctology 2023;39(2):106-114.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00584.0083
Published online: December 3, 2021

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia

Correspondence to: Ruhi Fadzlyana Jailani, MBBS Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia Email: ruhi@usim.edu.my

• Received: June 28, 2021 • Revised: August 25, 2021 • Accepted: September 6, 2021

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next

3,609 Views
173 Download
2 Web of Science
2 Crossref
2 Scopus

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
ARTICLE INFORMATION
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the possible involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been scarcely investigated. This systematic review aims to search through research papers that are focusing on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression profile in EMT in fistula or in intestinal fibrosis.
Methods
Electronic exploration was performed until April 24, 2019 through PubMed, Ovid, Science Direct, and Scopus databases with the terms of “fistula” OR “intestinal fibrosis” AND “epithelial-mesenchymal transition”. Two independent reviewers scrutinized the suitability of the title and abstract before examining the full text that met the inclusion criteria. For each study, the sample types that were used, methods for analysis, and genes expressed were identified. The list of genes was further analyzed using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway.
Results
There were 896 citations found; however, only 3 studies fulfilled the requirements. Among the EMT-related genes, 5 were upregulated genes at mRNA level while 6 were at protein level. However, only 2 downregulated genes were found at each mRNA and protein level. Of the 4 inflammation-related genes found, 3 genes were upregulated at mRNA level and 1 at protein level. These genes were confirmed to be involved in the development of inflammatory induced fibrosis and fistula through EMT. Results from quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis were consistent with the process of EMT, confirmed by the western blot protein analysis.
Conclusion
Many significant genes which are involved in the process of EMT in fistula and intestinal fibrosis have been identified. With high-end technology many more genes could be identified. These genes will be good molecular targets in the development of biomarkers for precision drug targeting in the future treatment of intestinal fibrosis and fistula.
Keywords: Intestinal fibrosis; Fistula; Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; Gene; Proteins

INTRODUCTION

Intestinal fibrosis is defined as disproportionate deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) as a result of chronic inflammation and deficient intestinal wound healing with an underlying expansion of mesenchymal cells [1, 2]. This complication is commonly found in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), whereby it affects more than 30% and almost 5% of patients with Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, respectively [3–5]. Fibrosis and stricture formation frequently proceed to fistula formation, indicating that both processes may be linked or interdependent. Although most of the IBD patients exhibit inflammatory disease phenotype, one-third of them show evidence of stricture or penetrating intestinal complication at the time of diagnosis. However, the pathogenesis of fistula formation is still unknown [6]. To date there are no anti-fibrotic drugs available that can prevent or treat intestinal fibrosis, making surgery the sole therapeutic solution. Unfortunately, once the process starts the evolution of fibrosis and stricture formation cannot be prevented through the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, be it in IBD or other chronic inflammatoryassociated fibrotic conditions of various organs (liver, kidney, and lung) [7–11].

Intestinal fibrosis is the predominant factor for luminal stricture and obstruction which leads to dysfunction of the affected digestive tracts [12]. The fibrosis phenomenon is represented by disproportionate production and deposition of ECM components through the effector cell which is the activated myofibroblasts. However, the source of the myofibroblasts was previously poorly understood until novel studies suggest that a significant fragment of synthetically active myofibroblasts arises from the conversion of epithelial cells through the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [13–15]. Generally, EMT is involved in both physiological and pathological processes which include embryogenesis, organ development, wound healing, tissue remodeling, tissue fibrosis, and cancer progression [6]. During the process of EMT, the epithelial cells lose their cell-cell contacts and their distinctive protein expression patterns such as epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin), catenins, and cytokeratins, and gain phenotypic characteristics of mesenchymal cells or fibroblast markers like fibroblast-specific protein-1, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin [2, 16, 17]. This is partially due to the coordinated regulation of a unique set of transcription factors, such as Snail1, Slug, or Twist [6,18]. In this systematic review, the literatures on gene and protein expression involved in EMT for fistula or intestinal fibrosis are reviewed in order to establish the most prevalent gene/protein expression signature. By studying the gene/protein expression, we could then possibly provide new understandings into the regulation of genes in EMT in fistula or intestinal fibrosis. This study offers new knowledge in explaining the basis of identification of the changes toward the mechanism attributed by EMT in fistula or intestinal fibrosis.

METHODS

Data sources and search strategy

The search of contemporary articles was accomplished by using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the review were searched through PubMed, Ovid, Science Direct, and Scopus starting with the first original EMT article published until April 24, 2019. The following MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms of “fistula” OR “intestinal fibrosis” AND “epithelial-mesenchymal transition” were used.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Only English-language publications were incorporated for screening, while publication types without primary data, such as the letters to editors, editorials, case reports, scientific reports, conference proceedings, chapters in a book, and narrative reviews were excluded. Studies on EMT type 1 and 3, and studies not related to EMT, fistula, or intestinal fibrosis were also excluded.

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the study on gene expression in EMT type 2 in intestinal fibrosis or fistula tissue versus normal tissue, (2) analyses on human tissue only, (3) any method of measuring and analyzing protein and/or messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, and (4) where total samples used in the study were mentioned. Articles were excluded based on the following: (1) use of anything but resected human fistula or intestinal fibrosis tissue, including primary cultures, cell lines, and transfected cells or induced EMT, (2) use of animal tissue, and (3) interventional study.

Identification of relevant studies and data extraction

All articles from searchers were downloaded into an EndNote library (EndNote ver. X4.0.1, Clarivate). Manuscripts retrieved from the database searches were screened by the titles, the abstracts, and the entire articles to select the relevant studies. The screenings were conducted by 2 reviewers. The duplicated papers were discarded by EndNote. Full-text articles references were obtained and examined by 2 reviewers to meet the preset inclusion criteria. A third author was consulted on the eligibility where there were disagreements between the reviewers. Records on reasons for elimination were kept.

From the studies included, the data were extracted were tabulated by 1 author. Each study includes in detail the author, year of study, study design, sample size, sampling type, and method for gene analysis, and the gene identified were tabulated. Data entry was also ensured for each study after completing data extraction.

Study quality and analysis

The research quality was assessed by discussing the reported details of analysis among the authors. The authors focused on the results and the reported list of gene expressions. To verify the validity of the eligible studies, reviewers worked independently and with adequate reliability. For each study, bias was excluded by adhering to the inclusion criteria. The genes listed were further analyzed with the DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery; https://david.ncifcrf.gov/home.jsp) [19]. Further analysis was performed to determine the cluster of genes that displayed significant functional annotation enrichment and those enriched annotations could be related to the EMT in fistula or in intestinal fibrosis, while the contribution of genes in the pathway was based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway [20].

RESULTS

The search strategies from 4 databases yielded 896 potentially relevant titles. Of these, 786 articles were eligible and had been retrieved for abstract review after duplicates were removed. Of the 786 studies that were reviewed initially, 61 were selected for full-text analysis. After comprehensive review of 61 full reports, only 3 articles fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria hence selected for this systematic review. A PRISMA diagram describing the search results is shown in Fig. 1.

In total, 8 genes and 7 proteins were identified as being overexpressed and 2 genes and 2 proteins being under-expressed in EMT in cases of intestinal fibrosis or fistula compared to normal tissue. Tables 1 and 2 summarizes the features of these studies.

Two studies used IBD for the patient group whereby, mucosal tissue biopsies were taken from the colon. Zhang et al. [21] looked into the roles of interleukin (IL)-17A and EMT in the initiation and development of intestinal fibrosis while Chen et al. [22] studied the possible roles of microRNA-200b (miR-200b) in preserving intact intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in IBDs. In another study, Ratto et al. [23] used samples from patients with cryptoglandular anal fistula to investigate the cytokine pattern that is potentially responsible for the inflammation, in assessing the evidence of EMT.

Detected genes during epithelial-mesenchymal transition process

A variety of biomarkers have been used to demonstrate the EMT process. Some are acquired and some are diminished. Gene expressions can be analyzed through many platforms such as microarray and gene sequencing as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used in all studies as a platform for analysis at the mRNA level. The protein expression was identified via western blotting technique in all studies.

In this review, we found that qRT-PCR was used to demonstrate the molecular characterization of the inflammation. Gene expression of IL-1β and IL-8 were found by Ratto et al. [23] to be higher in fistulas as compared to normal anal mucosa, with different levels of expression in the proximal and distal parts of the fistula tract. Meanwhile, Zhang et al. [21] found that the mRNA levels of IL-17A in colonic mucosal tissue of CD patients were significantly higher than those in the control groups.

The outcomes of the qRT-PCR analysis were consistent with a process of EMT. Among the genes analyzed, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) was overexpressed in studies by Chen et al. [22] and Ratto et al. [23] while vimentin was significantly higher in all 3 studies [21–23]. Zeb-1 and Snail were found highly expressed in fistula tract [23] while α-SMA was significantly higher in colonic mucosa of CD patients [21]. A reduction of E-cadherin was found in all of these 3 studies [21–23] and miR-200b was significantly lower in IBD groups [22].

Protein expression evaluated by western blot analysis confirmed the qRT-PCR findings. E-cadherin [21–23] and miR-200b [22] were expressed only in healthy anal mucosa, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (pERK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) showed strong expression in fistula tract [23] while Snail and α-SMA were highly expressed in CD patients [21]. Vimentin [21, 22] and TGF-β1 [22] were overexpressed in all IBD patients (Fig. 2).

Differentially expressed genes’ ontology analysis

Differentially expressed genes and pathways enrichment were analyzed using DAVID [19]. From the Gene Ontology Term based on Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer (EASE) score, the positive regulation of gene expression exhibited the highest enrich term compared to the other terms which are related to this review study. A P-value of < 0.05 was used as cut-off to functionally characterize the genes, which were found to be differentially expressed in the different types of samples. The list of the genes involved is as shown in Table 3. Based on KEGG pathway analysis, there were 28 pathways involved for the selected genes. The top 3 pathways which were indirectly related to this review study are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), IBD, and rheumatoid arthritis (Figs. 3–5). These 3 diseases are related to organ fibrosis and fistula diseases.

DISCUSSION

Fibrosis is the most typical complication in IBD, which is considered a vital factor of intestinal stricture in CD patients. However, the mechanism of intestinal fibrosis is still a moot point among surgeons, hence becomes a big issue when deciding the appropriate treatment for the patients. Therefore, a recent study suggested that there are multiple mechanisms to reverse the fibrosis by molecular technique in IBD patients [24]. Fibroblasts and the epithelial cells are the main progenitor cells of activated myofibroblasts in intestinal fibrosis before they go through the EMT process [4, 5, 21, 25]. The complex process of EMT is characterized by losing the epithelial cell marker such as E-cadherin and gaining in the expression of mesenchymal features. The type 2 EMT processes which have been specifically observed are the loss of polarity of the epithelial cells, development of a specialized cytoskeleton, and invasive capacity by the intercellular adhesive molecules and membrane-bound transporter proteins [18, 26].

From this review, the results of the qRT-PCR analysis were consistent with a process of EMT and the evaluation of protein expression by western blot analysis confirmed the finding of qRT-PCR. In particular, TGF-β1, a key molecule in the EMT process and a potent inducer, was overexpressed in patients’ samples when compared with normal samples [22, 23]. High expressions of vimentin (a mesenchymal marker) in patients’ samples in all studies also demonstrated the consistency of the EMT process [21–23]. Vimentin is found in the mesenchymal cells of various types of tissue during their developmental stages to maintain the cells and tissue integrity [27].

The EMT process is also supported by the expression of E-cadherin. A reduction of E-cadherin expression was found in all the 3 studies [21–23]. E-cadherin (a typical marker of epithelial cells) was expressed only in healthy anal mucosa but absent in the proximal part of the fistula and was slightly detectable in the distal part [23]. The expression also decreased in the inflamed mucosa of IBD in comparison with the controls at both mRNA and protein level [21, 22]. Reduction of E-cadherin with a strong expression of pERK and NF-κB, the 2 intracellular factors which had been induced by TGF-β1 was also associated with the EMT process [23, 28]. A study by Chen et al. [22] found that miR-200b was significantly reduced in IBD and it correlated with the low expression of E-cadherin which was essential for the conservation of architecture and function of the IECs. The elevation of miR-200b expression in epithelium of IBD might oppose the loss of tight junctions and polarity in IECs [22].

Snail, a typical marker (transcriptional factors) in the EMT process showed expression in patients’ samples in only 2 studies which are done by Zhang et al. [21] and Ratto et al. [23]. Zhang et al. [21] found that there is no significant expression of Snail between the CD patients and control group at the mRNA level, but at the protein level, the expression shown was significantly higher than those in control groups. On the contrary, the expression of Snail was increased in patients who have fistula compared with healthy anal mucosa sample. However, there was no analysis for Snail done at the protein level [23]. Strong expression of Snail and lack in expression of E-cadherin may help to recognize the manifestation of EMT. Both of these genes contain enhancer box (E-box) sequences in their target gene promoter. However, as Snail is a specific transcriptional factor in EMT, its E-box sequence can recognize and inhibit the target gene expression which later decreases the expression of E-cadherin [29]. The discrepancy between the mRNA and protein levels in the study of Zhang et al. [21] may be due to various factors as small sample size or sample degradation.

Zeb1, another of the master regulators of EMT transcriptional program can also bind to the E-cadherin promoter and repress its transcription, thus leads to the low expression of E-cadherin. The low expression of E-cadherin with the high expression of Zeb1 in Ratto et al. [23] may help to show the existence of EMT. They found that Zeb1 was highly expressed while E-cadherin showed low expression in the fistula tract compared with normal anal mucosa at mRNA level. Meanwhile, α-SMA that has been recognized as a vital marker for differentiation and activation of myofibroblasts has been detected as an upregulated gene in Zhang et al. [21], both at mRNA and protein level in patients’ samples. The expression of α-SMA is one of the essential indicators for fibrosis. Fibrosis will develop when there is a huge number of aggregated and activated myofibroblasts which then produce and secrete a large number of ECM [4, 30].

In type 2 EMT, the process begins when inflammation occurs but will stop once the inflammation subsides, especially so during wound healing and tissue regeneration [31, 32]. However, during organ fibrosis, the EMT process will continue to respond to persistent inflammation, resulting in tissue destruction [31]. In this review, the molecular characterization of the inflammation was detected by the high expression of IL-1β and IL-8 in fistulas samples [23] and strong expression of IL-17A in CD patients [21]. IL-17A is related to the intestinal fibrosis development [33] which was confirmed by Zhang et al. [21]. More recent studies indicated that IL-17A might induce EMT on epithelial cells to indirectly promote fibrosis in multiple organs [34–38]. The abnormality in IL-17A expression can be a diagnostic marker for precursor and development of acute and chronic diseases.

Based on the KEGG pathway analysis, IL-1, IL-17, NF-κB, and TGF-β1 were involved in IBD pathway. Meanwhile the NF-κB, IL-1, IL-8, TGF-β1, and pERK were involved in the NAFLD. The KEGG pathway of rheumatoid arthritis involved the following genes: IL-1β, IL-8, TGF-β1, and IL-8 [20]. These pathways involved both the EMT-related genes as well as the inflammation-related genes. The coexistence of both types of genes on these pathways demonstrated that inflammation and EMT are interrelated.

Limited numbers of studies retrieved for this review had been primarily attributed by the strict preset criteria that had to be fulfilled namely, observational study without treatment or cell or tissue induction. This is to ensure that the EMT process occurred in vitro without being triggered by other factors. Hence, the studies that involved the in vivo EMT process were excluded. Theoretically, the EMT process occurred are due to continuous response to the inflammatory process which later leads to organ fibrosis. One other limitation is the small-sized samples in all the 3 studies which showed statistically nonsignificant results. The identification of control sample was another important and challenging issue as there was no standardized normal control tissue among this type of study, hence limiting the validity of the results. As qRT-PCR is the only method used, the list of genes is limited to the common genes involved. Microarray or next-generation sequencing analysis might be helpful in the detection of other genes that play a role in the EMT process in intestinal fibrosis.

Through this systematic review study, TGF-β1, Zeb1, Snail, vimentin, α-SMA, IL-1, IL-8, IL-8, pERK, and NF-κB had been identified as the genes being overexpressed genes while E-cadherin and miR-200b genes were under-expressed during the process of EMT in intestinal fibrosis. However, there is a need for a more comprehensive study on these genes and their protein expressions. These investigations will provide new insight into gene regulation and widen the basis of identification of the changes in the mechanisms of EMT in fistula or intestinal fibrosis. To date, surgery is the effective treatment for intestinal fibrosis and fistula in ano with the possibility of recurrence. The study on EMT-related genes can provide more insight into the pathophysiological course of the disease. A targeted adjunctive medical therapy can be made possible to reduce the need for surgical intervention as well as recurrence.

ARTICLE INFORMATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

FUNDING

This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme awarded by the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia (USIM/FRGS/FPSK/055002/50317).

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: RFJ, NHO, NAH; Data curation: RFJ, NHO; Formal analysis: RFJ, NHO; Funding acquisition: RFJ, HAR, NAH; Methodology: NHO; Supervision: RFJ, HAR, NAH; Validation: RFJ, HAR, NAH; Writing–original draft: NHO; Writing–review & editing: RFJ, HAR, NAH. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Fig. 1.

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram of search strategy and selection process. EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Fig. 2.

Summary of 3 different studies showing the upregulated (upward arrows) and downregulated (downward arrows) genes/proteins. Different color areas represent different datasets. The overlapping areas mean the common differentially expressed genes. IL, interleukin; α-SMA, smooth muscle alpha-actin; miR-200b, microRNA-200b; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; pERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.

Fig. 3.

The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway map of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (map04932). The genes involved in this review study are shown in the red circles. Adapted from Kanehisa and Goto this review study are shown in the red circles. Adapted from Kanehisa and Goto [20] (reference no. 210879), according to the Creative Commons License.

Fig. 4.

The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway map of inflammatory bowel disease (map05321). The genes involved in this review study are shown in the red circles. Adapted from Kanehisa and Goto [20] (reference no. 210879), according to the Creative Commons License.

Fig. 5.

The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway map of rheumatoid arthritis (map05323). The genes involved in this review study are shown in the red circles. Adapted from Kanehisa and Goto [20] (reference No. 210879), according to the Creative Commons License.

Table 1.

Number and types of analyzed genes in the original study

Study	Year	Type of gene
Study	Year	Inflammation-related	EMT-related
Zhang et al. [21]	2018	IL-17A	Vimentin, Snail, α-SMA, E-cadherin
Chen et al. [22]	2013	NA	Vimentin, TGF-β1, miR-200b, E-cadherin
Ratto et al. [23]	2016	IL-1β, IL-8	TGF-β1, Zeb 1, Snail (Snail2), Vimentin, pERK, NF-κB, E-cadherin

EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; IL, interleukin; α-SMA, smooth muscle alpha-actin; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; NA, not applicable; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; miR-200b, microRNA-200b; pERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.

Table 2.

Results of systematic literature review

Study	Year	Type and size of sample		Result
Study	Year	Patient group	Control group	Result
Zhang et al. [21]	2018	Colonic mucosal biopsy tissue of 14 CD patients	Normal intestinal mucosal tissues adjacent to intestinal polyps of 8 patients	• The gene and protein expression of IL-17A, vimentin, and α-SMA in colonic mucosal biopsy tissue of CD patients were significantly higher than those in control group.
				• mRNA level and protein expression of E-cadherin in colonic mucosal tissue from CD patients were significantly lower.
				• No significant differences in expression of Snail between CD and control groups in mRNA level but high protein expression at protein level.
Chen et al. [22]	2013	22 Biopsy mucosal samples of IBD patients (11 UC and 11 CD)	5 Patients with colonic polyps, which pathologically confirm benign adenoma	• Gene and protein expression of vimentin and TGF-β1 were significantly higher in IBD group.
Chen et al. [22]	2013	22 Biopsy mucosal samples of IBD patients (11 UC and 11 CD)		• Gene and protein expression of miR-200b and E-cadherin were significantly lower in IBD group.
Ratto et al. [23]	2016	12 Patients with transsphincteric cryptoglandular anal fistula	3 Patients with fecal incontinence who underwent biopsy of the anal mucosa	• Gene expression of IL-1β and IL-8 for inflammation and cytokine expression were higher than in normal anal mucosa.
				• Gene expression of TGF-β1, Zeb1, Snail2, and vimentin were significantly higher than in normal anal mucosa.
				• Protein expression of pERK and NF-κB were significantly higher than in normal anal mucosa.
				• Gene and protein expression of E-cadherin was significantly lower in fistula tract.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze gene expression and western blot for protein expression.

CD, Crohn disease; IL, interleukin; α-SMA, smooth muscle alpha-actin; mRNA, messenger RNA; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; miR-200b, microRNA-200b; pERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.

Table 3.

Gene Ontology Term based on EASE score

Gene Ontology Term	Gene	P-value	Benjamini value
Positive regulation of gene expression	α-SMA, pERK, IL-1, TGF-β1, vimentin	< 0.001	0.004
Inflammatory response	IL-8, IL-1, IL-17A, NF-κB, TGF-β1	< 0.001	0.009
Positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Snail, TGF-β1	0.019	0.350
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Snail, TGF-β1	0.020	0.350

EASE, Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer; α-SMA, smooth muscle alpha-actin; pERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; IL, interleukin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.

REFERENCES

1. Friedman SL, Sheppard D, Duffield JS, Violette S. Therapy for fibrotic diseases: nearing the starting line. Sci Transl Med 2013;5:167sr1. Article PubMed
2. Rieder F, Fiocchi C. Intestinal fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease: current knowledge and future perspectives. J Crohns Colitis 2008;2:279–90.Article PubMed
3. Speca S, Giusti I, Rieder F, Latella G. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:3635–61.Article PubMed PMC
4. Fiocchi C, Lund PK. Themes in fibrosis and gastrointestinal inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;300:G677–83.Article PubMed PMC
5. Rieder F, Fiocchi C. Mechanisms of tissue remodeling in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis 2013;31:186–93.Article PubMed
6. Scharl M, Bruckner RS, Rogler G. The two sides of the coin: similarities and differences in the pathomechanisms of fistulas and stricture formations in irritable bowel disease. United European Gastroenterol J 2016;4:506–14.Article PubMed PMC
7. Hahn S, Nam MO, Noh JH, Lee DH, Han HW, Kim DH, et al. Organoid-based epithelial to mesenchymal transition (OEMT) model: from an intestinal fibrosis perspective. Sci Rep 2017;7:2435. Article PubMed PMC
8. Latella G, Sferra R, Speca S, Vetuschi A, Gaudio E. Can we prevent, reduce or reverse intestinal fibrosis in IBD? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013;17:1283–304.PubMed
9. Wynn TA, Ramalingam TR. Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease. Nat Med 2012;18:1028–40.Article PubMed PMC
10. Bettenworth D, Rieder F. Medical therapy of stricturing Crohn’s disease: what the gut can learn from other organs: a systematic review. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2014;7:5. Article PubMed PMC PDF
11. Rockey DC, Bell PD, Hill JA. Fibrosis: a common pathway to organ injury and failure. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1138–49.Article PubMed
12. Di Gregorio J, Sferra R, Speca S, Vetuschi A, Dubuquoy C, Desreumaux P, et al. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and PPAR-γ on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in DSS-induced colorectal fibrosis. PLoS One 2017;12:e0171093.Article PubMed PMC
13. Willis BC, Borok Z. TGF-beta-induced EMT: mechanisms and implications for fibrotic lung disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007;293:L525–34.PubMed
14. Willis BC, duBois RM, Borok Z. Epithelial origin of myofibroblasts during fibrosis in the lung. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:377–82.Article PubMed PMC
15. Guarino M, Tosoni A, Nebuloni M. Direct contribution of epithelium to organ fibrosis: epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hum Pathol 2009;40:1365–76.Article PubMed
16. Choi SS, Diehl AM. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in the liver. Hepatology 2009;50:2007–13.Article PubMed
17. Sicklick JK, Choi SS, Bustamante M, McCall SJ, Pérez EH, Huang J, et al. Evidence for epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in adult liver cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;291:G575–83.Article PubMed
18. Kalluri R, Weinberg RA. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 2009;119:1420–8.Article PubMed PMC
19. Huang da W, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat Protoc 2009;4:44–57.Article PubMed
20. Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2000;28:27–30.Article PubMed PMC
21. Zhang HJ, Zhang YN, Zhou H, Guan L, Li Y, Sun MJ. IL-17A promotes initiation and development of intestinal fibrosis through EMT. Dig Dis Sci 2018;63:2898–909.Article PubMed
22. Chen Y, Xiao Y, Ge W, Zhou K, Wen J, Yan W, et al. miR-200b inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes growth of intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Death Dis 2013;4:e541.Article PubMed PMC
23. Ratto C, Litta F, Lucchetti D, Parello A, Boninsegna A, Arena V, et al. Immunopathological characterization of cryptoglandular anal fistula: a pilot study investigating its pathogenesis. Colorectal Dis 2016;18:O436–44.Article PubMed
24. Bettenworth D, Rieder F. Reversibility of stricturing Crohn’s disease: fact or fiction? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016;22:241–7.Article PubMed
25. Rieder F, Kessler SP, West GA, Bhilocha S, de la Motte C, Sadler TM, et al. Inflammation-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: a novel mechanism of intestinal fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2011;179:2660–73.PubMed PMC
26. Hay ED. An overview of epithelio-mesenchymal transformation. Acta Anat (Basel) 1995;154:8–20.Article PubMed
27. Liu CY, Lin HH, Tang MJ, Wang YK. Vimentin contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition cancer cell mechanics by mediating cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesion maturation. Oncotarget 2015;6:15966–83.Article PubMed PMC
28. Huber MA, Beug H, Wirth T. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: NF-kappaB takes center stage. Cell Cycle 2004;3:1477–80.Article PubMed
29. Peinado H, Olmeda D, Cano A. Snail, Zeb and bHLH factors in tumour progression: an alliance against the epithelial phenotype? Nat Rev Cancer 2007;7:415–28.Article PubMed
30. Mifflin RC, Pinchuk IV, Saada JI, Powell DW. Intestinal myofibroblasts: targets for stem cell therapy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;300:G684–96.Article PubMed PMC
31. López-Novoa JM, Nieto MA. Inflammation and EMT: an alliance towards organ fibrosis and cancer progression. EMBO Mol Med 2009;1:303–14.Article PubMed PMC
32. Wynn TA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J Pathol 2008;214:199–210.Article PubMed PMC
33. Biancheri P, Pender SL, Ammoscato F, Giuffrida P, Sampietro G, Ardizzone S, et al. The role of interleukin 17 in Crohn’s disease-associated intestinal fibrosis. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2013;6:13. Article PubMed PMC
34. Tan Z, Qian X, Jiang R, Liu Q, Wang Y, Chen C, et al. IL-17A plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis through hepatic stellate cell activation. J Immunol 2013;191:1835–44.Article PubMed
35. Wilson MS, Madala SK, Ramalingam TR, Gochuico BR, Rosas IO, Cheever AW, et al. Bleomycin and IL-1beta-mediated pulmonary fibrosis is IL-17A dependent. J Exp Med 2010;207:535–52.PubMed PMC
36. Vittal R, Fan L, Greenspan DS, Mickler EA, Gopalakrishnan B, Gu H, et al. IL-17 induces type V collagen overexpression and EMT via TGF-β-dependent pathways in obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013;304:L401–14.Article PubMed
37. Mi S, Li Z, Yang HZ, Liu H, Wang JP, Ma YG, et al. Blocking IL-17A promotes the resolution of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis via TGF-beta1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Immunol 2011;187:3003–14.PubMed
38. Okamoto Y, Hasegawa M, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, Huu DL, Iwakura Y, et al. Potential roles of interleukin-17A in the development of skin fibrosis in mice. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:3726–35.Article PubMed

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Role of Adipose Tissue Hormones in Pathogenesis of Cryptoglandular Anal Fistula
Marcin Włodarczyk, Jakub Włodarczyk, Kasper Maryńczak, Anna Waśniewska-Włodarczyk, Urszula Doboszewska, Piotr Wlaź, Łukasz Dziki, Jakub Fichna
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(3): 1501. CrossRef
Exosomes Derived from Colon Cancer Cells Promote Tumor Progression and Affect the Tumor Microenvironment
Minsung Kim, Il Tae Son, Gyoung Tae Noh, So-Youn Woo, Ryung-Ah Lee, Bo Young Oh
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(12): 3905. CrossRef

PubReader
ePub Link

Cite this Article

Cite this Article: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Gene and protein expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition for intestinal and anal fistula: a systematic review

Ann Coloproctol. 2023;39(2):106-114. Published online December 3, 2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3393/ac.2021.00584.0083

XML Download

Figure

Gene and protein expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition for intestinal and anal fistula: a systematic review

Fig. 1. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram of search strategy and selection process. EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Fig. 2. Summary of 3 different studies showing the upregulated (upward arrows) and downregulated (downward arrows) genes/proteins. Different color areas represent different datasets. The overlapping areas mean the common differentially expressed genes. IL, interleukin; α-SMA, smooth muscle alpha-actin; miR-200b, microRNA-200b; E-cadherin, epithelial cadherin; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; pERK, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B.

Fig. 3. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway map of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (map04932). The genes involved in this review study are shown in the red circles. Adapted from Kanehisa and Goto this review study are shown in the red circles. Adapted from Kanehisa and Goto [20] (reference no. 210879), according to the Creative Commons License.

Fig. 4. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway map of inflammatory bowel disease (map05321). The genes involved in this review study are shown in the red circles. Adapted from Kanehisa and Goto [20] (reference no. 210879), according to the Creative Commons License.

Fig. 5. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway map of rheumatoid arthritis (map05323). The genes involved in this review study are shown in the red circles. Adapted from Kanehisa and Goto [20] (reference No. 210879), according to the Creative Commons License.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Gene and protein expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition for intestinal and anal fistula: a systematic review

Study	Year	Type of gene
Study	Year	Inflammation-related	EMT-related
Zhang et al. [21]	2018	IL-17A	Vimentin, Snail, α-SMA, E-cadherin
Chen et al. [22]	2013	NA	Vimentin, TGF-β1, miR-200b, E-cadherin
Ratto et al. [23]	2016	IL-1β, IL-8	TGF-β1, Zeb 1, Snail (Snail2), Vimentin, pERK, NF-κB, E-cadherin

Study	Year	Type and size of sample		Result
Study	Year	Patient group	Control group	Result
Zhang et al. [21]	2018	Colonic mucosal biopsy tissue of 14 CD patients	Normal intestinal mucosal tissues adjacent to intestinal polyps of 8 patients	• The gene and protein expression of IL-17A, vimentin, and α-SMA in colonic mucosal biopsy tissue of CD patients were significantly higher than those in control group.
				• mRNA level and protein expression of E-cadherin in colonic mucosal tissue from CD patients were significantly lower.
				• No significant differences in expression of Snail between CD and control groups in mRNA level but high protein expression at protein level.
Chen et al. [22]	2013	22 Biopsy mucosal samples of IBD patients (11 UC and 11 CD)	5 Patients with colonic polyps, which pathologically confirm benign adenoma	• Gene and protein expression of vimentin and TGF-β1 were significantly higher in IBD group.
Chen et al. [22]	2013	22 Biopsy mucosal samples of IBD patients (11 UC and 11 CD)		• Gene and protein expression of miR-200b and E-cadherin were significantly lower in IBD group.
Ratto et al. [23]	2016	12 Patients with transsphincteric cryptoglandular anal fistula	3 Patients with fecal incontinence who underwent biopsy of the anal mucosa	• Gene expression of IL-1β and IL-8 for inflammation and cytokine expression were higher than in normal anal mucosa.
				• Gene expression of TGF-β1, Zeb1, Snail2, and vimentin were significantly higher than in normal anal mucosa.
				• Protein expression of pERK and NF-κB were significantly higher than in normal anal mucosa.
				• Gene and protein expression of E-cadherin was significantly lower in fistula tract.

Gene Ontology Term	Gene	P-value	Benjamini value
Positive regulation of gene expression	α-SMA, pERK, IL-1, TGF-β1, vimentin	< 0.001	0.004
Inflammatory response	IL-8, IL-1, IL-17A, NF-κB, TGF-β1	< 0.001	0.009
Positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Snail, TGF-β1	0.019	0.350
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Snail, TGF-β1	0.020	0.350

Table 1. Number and types of analyzed genes in the original study

Table 2. Results of systematic literature review

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze gene expression and western blot for protein expression.

Table 3. Gene Ontology Term based on EASE score